{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:40:33Z","timestamp":1786628433513,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T17:08:59Z","timestamp":1781456939000},"page":"126298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An integrated pump-suction electrocoagulation system for accelerated hardness removal: Process intensification and crystallization mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"304","author":[{"given":"Yunxian","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuexin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-ge","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131133","article-title":"Recent advancement in the application of hybrid coagulants in coagulation-flocculation of wastewater: a review","volume":"345","author":"Abujazar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2020.01.005","article-title":"Influence of bubbles on the energy conversion efficiency of electrochemical reactors","volume":"4","author":"Angulo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Joule"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestengg.3c00073","article-title":"Anode boundary layer extraction strategy for H+\u2013OH\u2013 separation in undivided electrolytic cell: modeling, electrochemical analysis, and water softening application","volume":"3","author":"Ba","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.03.012","article-title":"Organic polyelectrolytes in water treatment","volume":"41","author":"Bolto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.128971","article-title":"Overcoming limitations in electrochemical water softening: a comprehensive analysis of key factors and recent technological advancements","volume":"354","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.01.050","article-title":"Membrane electrolysis for the removal of Mg2+ and Ca2+ from lithium rich brines","volume":"154","author":"D\u00edaz Nieto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FD00061J","article-title":"Spiers memorial lecture: assembly-based pathways of crystallization","volume":"235","author":"De Yoreo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-8686(02)00067-2","article-title":"Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts","volume":"100-102","author":"Duan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CE00985E","article-title":"Harnessing flow and microfluidics to direct inorganic crystal growth and architecture","volume":"28","author":"Emmanuel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123715","article-title":"Mass transfer and multi-phase fluid flow in electro-coagulation: a review","volume":"282","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(99)00016-5","article-title":"Infrared emission spectroscopic study of brucite","volume":"55","author":"Frost","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23147","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1098806","article-title":"Removal of scale-forming ions by a novel cation-exchange electrochemical system\u2014a review","volume":"57","author":"Hasson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125279","article-title":"Differently charged polyacrylamides (PAMs) significantly affect adsorption affinity and associated floc growth behaviors during ballasted flocculation: performance and mechanism","volume":"329","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2016.11.036","article-title":"Enhanced efficiency in HA removal by electrocoagulation through optimizing flocs properties: role of current density and pH","volume":"175","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.10.063","article-title":"An effective method for improving electrocoagulation process: optimization of Al13 polymer formation","volume":"489","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloid Surface A"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00451","article-title":"Electrochemical generation of hydroxide for precipitative water softening","volume":"2","author":"James","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.121077","article-title":"Electrochemical water softening technology: from fundamental research to practical application","volume":"250","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.117639","article-title":"Membrane-based electrochemical precipitation for water softening","volume":"597","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119694","article-title":"Spatial and temporal regulation of homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth for high-flux electrochemical water softening","volume":"232","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141700","article-title":"Ion migration mechanism of electrochemical water softening in dual-chamber reactors and their performance for real circulating cooling water","volume":"448","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s43538-022-00096-z","article-title":"Comparative study of lime softening, soda ash process, and electrocoagulation for the removal of hardness from groundwater","volume":"88","author":"Kausley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.07.043","article-title":"Coagulation dynamics of fractal flocs induced by enmeshment and electrostatic patch mechanisms","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122096","article-title":"Recycling aluminum from polyaluminum chloride sludge through acid dissolution and cation resin separation\/purification","volume":"262","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-024-00212-x","article-title":"Towards a molecular-scale theory for the removal of natural organic matter by coagulation with trivalent metals","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137832","article-title":"Efficient and green water softening by integrating electrochemically accelerated precipitation and microfiltration with membrane cleaning by periodically anodic polarization","volume":"449","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.01.054","article-title":"Multi-meshes coupled cathodes enhanced performance of electrochemical water softening system","volume":"217","author":"Luan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120195","article-title":"Facilitated OH\u2013 diffusion via bubble motion and water flow in a novel electrochemical reactor for enhancing homogeneous nucleation of CaCO3","volume":"242","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101271","article-title":"Laboratory scale evaluation of coagulants for treatment of stormwater","volume":"36","author":"Nystr\u00f6m","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133076","article-title":"Coagulation performance and mechanism of different hydrolyzed aluminum species for the removal of composite pollutants of polyethylene and humic acid","volume":"465","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118966","article-title":"Anode passivation mitigation by homogenizing current density distribution in electrocoagulation","volume":"223","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2025.108284","article-title":"Study on the treatment of complex water hardness using electrocoagulation coupled with electrodeposition","volume":"206","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.208","article-title":"Combined use of inorganic coagulants and cationic polyacrylamide for enhancing dewaterability of sewage sludge","volume":"211","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0033","article-title":"Improvement of electrochemical water softening treatment using activated carbon plates in high hardness and low alkalinity water: enhancing the electrochemical treatment effect while reducing the corrosiveness of the water","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2024.117549","article-title":"Coupled electrochemical crystallization-electrocoagulation-flocculation process for efficient removal of hardness and silica from reverse osmosis concentrate","volume":"580","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2015.02.003","article-title":"Coagulation behavior of polyaluminum chloride: effects of pH and coagulant dosage","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.130396","article-title":"Precisely regulating ion convection to counteract electro-migration for H+\u2013OH- separation with enabling efficient electrochemical water softening","volume":"358","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2026.141196","article-title":"Deciphering the distinct interactions of humic acid functional groups with hydrolyzed species of three metal salt coagulants","volume":"503","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123178","article-title":"Investigation on an electrochemical pilot equipment for water softening with an automatic descaling system: parameter optimization and energy consumption analysis","volume":"276","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116415","article-title":"Electrokinetic study of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide particles in lime softening","volume":"186","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123549","article-title":"Turning waste into resource: metal framework-scale composite cathode overcomes limitations of low efficiency and cathode failure in electrochemical water softening","volume":"281","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121617","article-title":"A novel membrane-free electrochemical separation-filtering crystallization coupling process for treating circulating cooling water","volume":"256","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2025.118962","article-title":"From wastewater to resources: membrane-free electrochemical separation coupled with crystallization-granulation for selective removal and value-added recovery of hardness ions","volume":"612","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination"}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426009772?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426009772?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:09:56Z","timestamp":1786626596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135426009772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0043135426009772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An integrated pump-suction electrocoagulation system for accelerated hardness removal: Process intensification and crystallization mechanisms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126298","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"126298"}}