{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T13:12:23Z","timestamp":1788613943464,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"ANR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-24-MIEM-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-24-MIEM-0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T22:59:03Z","timestamp":1783378743000},"page":"126441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Integrating wastewater surveillance of norovirus epidemics with recreational water risk assessment for enhanced urban swimming safety"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"305","author":[{"given":"Morgane","family":"Levert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Cluzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remi","family":"Villain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3868-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Fagour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Goulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8966-6308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Pisharody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Marie","family":"Mouchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5162-7215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Moulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9628-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien","family":"Wurtzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000198","article-title":"Norovirus GII wastewater monitoring for epidemiological surveillance","volume":"3","author":"Ammerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0002","series-title":"Fitting Discrete Distribution Models to Count Data","author":"Amrhein","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2022.100024","article-title":"Human norovirus surrogates persist in nontraditional sources of irrigation water in excess of 100 days","volume":"86","author":"Anderson-Coughlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00736-23","article-title":"A retrospective longitudinal study of adenovirus group F, norovirus GI and GII, rotavirus, and enterovirus nucleic acids in wastewater solids at two wastewater treatment plants: solid-liquid partitioning and relation to clinical testing data","volume":"9","author":"Boehm","year":"2024","journal-title":"MSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010130","article-title":"Eight years of norovirus surveillance in urban wastewater: insights from next-generation","volume":"17","author":"Bonanno Ferraro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124301","article-title":"Syndromic surveillance of acute gastroenteritis using the french health insurance database: discriminatory algorithm and drug prescription practices evaluations","volume":"17","author":"Bounoure","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00884-2","article-title":"A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Npj Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001318","article-title":"Updated classification of norovirus genogroups and genotypes","volume":"100","author":"Chhabra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fams.2022.836349","article-title":"A flexible smoother adapted to censored data with outliers and its application to SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in wastewater","volume":"8","author":"Courbariaux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Appl. Math. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7891","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01428-07","article-title":"Evaluation of removal of noroviruses during wastewater treatment, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR: different behaviors of genogroups I and II","volume":"73","author":"Da Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.114","article-title":"Current assumptions for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Norovirus contamination of drinking water catchments due to recreational activities: an update","volume":"20","author":"Deere","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0012","series-title":"Health Effects Criteria for Fresh Recreational Waters (Research & Development No. EPA-600\/1-84-004)","author":"Dufour","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.0026","article-title":"Water ingestion during swimming activities in a pool: a pilot study","volume":"4","author":"Dufour","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2237","article-title":"Global prevalence and genotype distribution of norovirus infection in children with gastroenteritis: a meta-analysis on 6 years of research from 2015 to 2020","volume":"32","author":"Farahmand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0036-6","article-title":"Recreational water and infection: a review of recent findings","volume":"2","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Envir. Health Rpt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07569-11","article-title":"Concentration of norovirus during wastewater treatment and its impact on oyster contamination","volume":"78","author":"Flannery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0017","series-title":"Annual Activity Report","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.063","article-title":"Monitoring MDMA metabolites in urban wastewater as novel biomarkers of consumption","volume":"115","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mari\u00f1o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6725a1","article-title":"Outbreaks associated with untreated recreational water \u2014 United States, 2000\u20132014","volume":"67","author":"Graciaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2021.068","article-title":"Systematic review of the relative concentrations of noroviruses and fecal indicator bacteria in wastewater: considerations for use in quantitative microbial risk assessment","volume":"19","author":"Hamadieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2006.888","article-title":"Seasonal profiles of human noroviruses and indicator bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant in Tokyo, Japan","volume":"54","author":"Haramoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20220305","article-title":"Surveillance of wastewater to monitor the prevalence of gastroenteritis viruses in Chiba prefecture (2014\u20132019)","volume":"34","author":"Hotta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22829","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18202-x","article-title":"Norovirus detection in wastewater and its correlation with human gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20423","article-title":"Norwalk virus infection associates with secretor status genotyped from sera","volume":"77","author":"Hutson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03406-16","article-title":"Environmental surveillance of norovirus genogroups I and II for sensitive detection of epidemic variants","volume":"83","author":"Kazama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c09637","article-title":"Persistence of human norovirus (GII) in surface water: decay rate constants and inactivation mechanisms","volume":"57","author":"Kennedy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(01)00404-9","article-title":"Genogroup-specific PCR primers for detection of Norwalk-like viruses","volume":"100","author":"Kojima","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122842","article-title":"Relationships between microbial indicators and pathogens in recreational water settings","volume":"15","author":"Korajkic","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.03.006","article-title":"An automated genotyping tool for enteroviruses and noroviruses","volume":"51","author":"Kroneman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812000234","article-title":"The epidemiology of published norovirus outbreaks: a review of risk factors associated with attack rate and genogroup","volume":"140","author":"Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6436","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01218-15","article-title":"Pathogenic enteric viruses and microbial indicators during secondary treatment of municipal wastewater","volume":"81","author":"Montazeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0032","series-title":"The Seine River Basin, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/698_2019_397","article-title":"Bathing activities and microbiological river water quality in the paris area: a long-term perspective","author":"Mouchel","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14103465","article-title":"Updates and current knowledge on the common forms of gastroenteritis: a review","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818000328","article-title":"An outbreak of Norovirus infections associated with recreational lake water in western Finland, 2014","volume":"146","author":"Polkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4669","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00509-15","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the reduction of norovirus and male-specific coliphage concentrations in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"81","author":"Pouillot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4669","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00509-15","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the reduction of norovirus and male-specific coliphage concentrations in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"81","author":"Pouillot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.12.049","article-title":"Viral persistence in surface and drinking water: suitability of PCR pre-treatment with intercalating dyes","volume":"91","author":"Prevost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.03.004","article-title":"Large scale survey of enteric viruses in river and waste water underlines the health status of the local population","volume":"79","author":"Prevost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Env. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0039","unstructured":"R Core Team, 2023. R: a language and environment for statistical computing."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-023-09577-w","article-title":"Persistence of infectious human norovirus in estuarine water","volume":"16","author":"Rexin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Env. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-14","article-title":"Norovirus","volume":"28","author":"Robilotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12689","article-title":"Norovirus outbreak in a natural playground: a one health approach","volume":"67","author":"Sips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201400235","article-title":"Affordable enteric virus detection techniques are needed to support changing paradigms in water quality management","volume":"43","author":"Symonds","year":"2015","journal-title":"CLEAN Soil Air Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2020.100401","article-title":"Noroviruses are highly infectious but there is strong variation in host susceptibility and virus pathogenicity","volume":"32","author":"Teunis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116181","article-title":"Making waves: wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 for population-based health management","volume":"184","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0046","article-title":"Norovirus disease among older adults","volume":"9","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-015-3644-x","article-title":"Human enteric viruses\u2013potential indicators for enhanced monitoring of recreational water quality","volume":"30","author":"Updyke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0048","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2016. Quantitative microbial risk assessment: application for water safety management."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00614-20","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 titers in wastewater are higher than expected from clinically confirmed cases","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"MSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0050","article-title":"Impact of irrigation water quality on human norovirus surrogate survival during leafy green production","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.50.2000776","article-title":"Evaluation of lockdown effect on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics through viral genome quantification in waste water, greater Paris, France, 5 March to 23 April 2020","volume":"25","author":"Wurtzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152213","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 genome quantification in wastewaters at regional and city scale allows precise monitoring of the whole outbreaks dynamics and variants spreading in the population","volume":"810","author":"Wurtzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426011206?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426011206?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T12:26:02Z","timestamp":1788611162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135426011206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0043135426011206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Integrating wastewater surveillance of norovirus epidemics with recreational water risk assessment for enhanced urban swimming safety","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126441","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"126441"}}