{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:19:52Z","timestamp":1788182392654,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2021-03277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2021-03277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002343","name":"Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauv\u00e9 en Sant\u00e9 et en S\u00e9curit\u00e9 du Travail","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T15:12:37Z","timestamp":1787411557000},"page":"126778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Bioaerosolization across 15 wastewater treatment plants: Decoupling between airborne and wastewater microbial concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"308","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8144-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Ouradou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9036-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Khaddouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8586-1095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Lachance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0156-0796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Veillette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Duchaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1447-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"B\u00e9dard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib1","unstructured":"APHA, A., WEF. (2017). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (23rd ed.)- method 2540 D, total suspended solids dried at 103\u2013105\u202f\u00b0C. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/SMWW.2882.030."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(01)00370-0","article-title":"Enumeration of total bacteria and bacteria with genes for proteolytic activity in pure cultures and in environmental samples by quantitative PCR mediated amplification","volume":"49","author":"Bach","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7360","DOI":"10.1021\/es800306m","article-title":"Tracking airborne Legionella and Legionella pneumophila at a biological treatment plant","volume":"42","author":"Blatny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib4","volume":"2","author":"Borcard","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.01024.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the environmental impact of microbial aerosols generated by wastewater treatment plants utilizing different aeration systems","volume":"88","author":"Brandi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.64.070195.000333","article-title":"The envelope of mycobacteria","volume":"64","author":"Brennan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE Guidelines: Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7090-6","article-title":"Occurrence of Legionella in wastewater treatment plants linked to wastewater characteristics","volume":"23","author":"Caicedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(99)00264-X","article-title":"Assessing airborne biological hazard from urban wastewater treatment","volume":"34","author":"Carducci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib10","article-title":"Quantitative microbial risk assessment and sensitivity analysis for workers exposed to pathogenic bacterial bioaerosols under various aeration modes in two wastewater treatment plants","volume":"755","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2014.060","article-title":"Evaluation of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays targeting mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare, and M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis in drinking water biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Chern","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2017.11.0466","article-title":"Seasonal variation in culturable bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment plant","volume":"18","author":"Dehghani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib13","article-title":"Exposition aux bioa\u00e9rosols dans les centres de traitement des eaux us\u00e9es","author":"Duchaine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Approch. Mol. Risque Viral"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.02-0415","article-title":"Mycobacterial aerosols and respiratory disease","volume":"9","author":"Falkinham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8289","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02069-12","article-title":"Seasonal variations of indoor microbial exposures and their relation to temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange rate","volume":"78","author":"Frankel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.053","article-title":"Dose response models and a quantitative microbial risk assessment framework for the mycobacterium avium complex that account for recent developments in molecular biology, taxonomy, and epidemiology","volume":"109","author":"Hamilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib17","first-page":"1516","article-title":"Metagenomic profiles of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge, dewatered sludge and bioaerosols","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.071","article-title":"Bacterial population and chemicals in bioaerosols from indoor environment: sludge dewatering houses in nine municipal wastewater treatment plants","volume":"618","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122256","article-title":"Characteristics and interactions of bioaerosol microorganisms from wastewater treatment plants","volume":"391","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115324","article-title":"Effect of aeration mode on aerosol characteristics from the same wastewater treatment plant","volume":"170","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib21","first-page":"175","article-title":"Properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles","volume":"14","author":"Hinds","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2741\/s159","article-title":"Emission of bacteria and fungi in the air from wastewater treatment plants \u2013 a review","volume":"S3","author":"Korzeniewska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Sch. Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.02.008","article-title":"Comparative genome analysis reveals a complex population structure of Legionella pneumophila subspecies","volume":"59","author":"Kozak-Muiznieks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173096","article-title":"Characteristics of bioaerosol emissions from a municipal wastewater treatment plant: health risk assessment and microbial composition","volume":"934","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2015.04.0232","article-title":"Effects of small-size suspended solids on the emission of Escherichia coli from the aeration process of wastewater treatment","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2410.180906","article-title":"Two community clusters of Legionnaires' Disease directly linked to a biologic wastewater treatment plant, the Netherlands","volume":"24","author":"Loenenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.01.002","article-title":"Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in drinking water systems: a review of prevalence data and control means","volume":"222","author":"Loret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib28","series-title":"Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control (Cincinnati, OH, USA: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)","author":"Macher","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib29","first-page":"71","article-title":"Risk assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water","volume":"Vol 201","author":"Mena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib30","series-title":"METCALF & EDDY-AECOM. Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Resource Recovery","author":"Metcalf","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2016.258","article-title":"Strategies for the reduction of Legionella in biological treatment systems","volume":"74","author":"Nogueira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-2-519","article-title":"Floc stability and adhesion of green-fluorescent-protein-marked bacteria to flocs in activated sludge","volume":"144","author":"Olofsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162419","article-title":"Effect of odor treatment systems on bioaerosol microbial concentration and diversity from wastewater treatment plants","volume":"874","author":"Ouradou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib34","first-page":"652","article-title":"Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. IV. Preferential aerosolization of mycobacterium intracellulare from natural waters","volume":"128","author":"Parker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib35","first-page":"532","article-title":"Quantifying Escherichia coli and suspended particulate matter concentrations in a mixed-land use Appalachian watershed","volume":"12","author":"Petersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5380","DOI":"10.1021\/es104084c","article-title":"Mycobacterium behavior in wastewater treatment plant, A bacterial model distinct from Escherichia coli and enterococci","volume":"45","author":"Radomski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-277","article-title":"atpE gene as a new useful specific molecular target to quantify mycobacterium in environmental samples","volume":"13","author":"Radomski","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib38","first-page":"159","article-title":"Systemic infections associated with tattoos or permanent makeup: a systematic review","volume":"158","author":"Rello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Cl\u00edn. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.06.028","article-title":"Effect of the aeration system on the levels of airborne microorganisms generated at wastewater treatment plants","volume":"42","author":"S\u00e1nchez-M","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030376","article-title":"Effect of thermal drying and chemical treatments with wastes on microbiological contamination indicators in sewage sludge","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2011.514","article-title":"Exposure to dust, endotoxin and airborne microorganisms in wastewater sludge thermal drying units","volume":"64","author":"Schlosser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.02.039","article-title":"Application of real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of selected bacterial pathogens during municipal wastewater treatment","volume":"382","author":"Shannon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"C11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24907","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02233","article-title":"On the births of film drops from bubbles bursting on seawater surfaces","volume":"103","author":"Spiel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.958514","article-title":"Detection and characterization of bioaerosol emissions from wastewater treatment plants: challenges and opportunities","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-011-9068-3","article-title":"Exposure to airborne noroviruses and other bioaerosol components at a wastewater treatment plant in Denmark","volume":"3","author":"Uhrbrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7305","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02484-15","article-title":"Resistance of aerosolized bacterial viruses to relative humidity and temperature","volume":"81","author":"Verreault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2020.100835","article-title":"The use of XLSTAT in conducting principal component analysis (PCA) when evaluating the relationships between sensory and quality attributes in grilled foods","volume":"7","author":"Vidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121202","article-title":"Bioaerosol emissions from wastewater treatment process at urban environment and potential health impacts","volume":"361","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.08.032","article-title":"A highly specific Escherichia coli qPCR and its comparison with existing methods for environmental waters","volume":"126","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160445","article-title":"Comparison of airborne bacteria and fungi in different built environments in selected cities in five climate zones of China","volume":"860","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122552","article-title":"Airborne antibiotic resistome from sludge dewatering systems: mobility, pathogen accessibility, cross-media migration propensity, impacting factors, and risks","volume":"267","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132234","article-title":"Culturable and inhalable airborne bacteria in a semiunderground municipal wastewater treatment plant: distribution, transmission, and health risk assessment","volume":"459","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158106","article-title":"Bioaerosols emission characteristics from wastewater treatment aeration tanks and associated health risk exposure assessment during autumn and winter","volume":"851","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426014521?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426014521?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T12:50:24Z","timestamp":1788180624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135426014521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0043135426014521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bioaerosolization across 15 wastewater treatment plants: Decoupling between airborne and wastewater microbial concentrations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126778","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"126778"}}