{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:00:42Z","timestamp":1790420442528,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2039498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2039498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T14:46:37Z","timestamp":1788705997000},"page":"126885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PC","title":["Stagnant plumbing: Drinking water quality responses to stagnation in controlled systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"308","author":[{"given":"Aliya","family":"Ehde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9222-9632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ceglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catie","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6800-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Palmegiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5934-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Whelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7868-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin R.","family":"Proctor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1515\/corrrev-2015-0055","article-title":"Corrosion characteristics of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and the role of molecular biology in SRB studies: an overview","volume":"34","author":"Anandkumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Corros. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0002","first-page":"3484","article-title":"Water quality during extended stagnation and flushing in a college residential hall","volume":"9","author":"Angert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5864\/d2018-011","article-title":"Profiling chlorine residuals using DPD and amperometric field test kits in a chlorinated small drinking water system with ammonia present in source water","volume":"61","author":"Beeharry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.8","article-title":"Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms","volume":"6","author":"Caporaso","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISMe J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0005","series-title":"Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport","article-title":"Evidence for chloroethene biodegradation in ground water at former building 957 drum storage area, Area 2, Operable Unit 2","author":"Dinicola","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.04.045","article-title":"Sampling in schools and large institutional buildings: implications for regulations, exposure and management of lead and copper","volume":"140","author":"Dor\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0007","first-page":"4721","article-title":"Methods for detecting and differentiating opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) to determine efficacy of control and treatment technologies","author":"Dowdell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res. Found. Proj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0008","first-page":"2847","article-title":"Legionella pneumophila occurrence in reduced-occupancy buildings in 11 cities during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Dowdell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1996.tb06521.x","article-title":"Alkalinity, pH, and copper corrosion by-product release","volume":"88","author":"Edwards","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. AWWA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s41207-017-0024-y","article-title":"Corrosion and scale studies of copper used in Moroccan industrial cooling water systems","volume":"2","author":"Elhousni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro-Mediterr. J. Environ. Integr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0013","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency, 2003. Contaminant candidate list regulatory determination support document for sulfate. (Report No. EPA-815-R-03-016). Office of Water. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ccl\/regulatory-determination-1-support-documents-sulfate."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0011","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. Secondary drinking water standards: guidance for nuisance chemicals [WWW Document]. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals (accessed 1.7.24)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0012","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency, 2025. National primary drinking water regulations [WWW Document]. Office of the Federal Register. 40 C.F.R.pt 141. URL https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ground-water-and-drinking-water\/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations (accessed 6.16.26)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2022.958523","article-title":"Is flushing necessary during building closures? A study of water quality and bacterial communities during extended reductions in building occupancy","volume":"4","author":"Greenwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Water."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2022.959689","article-title":"Impact of recommissioning flushing on Legionella pneumophila in a large building during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Grimard-Conea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Water."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8701.2000.tb02250.x","article-title":"Common customer complaint: \u201cmy hot water stinks","volume":"26","author":"Hack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opflow"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.07.009","article-title":"Flow-cytometric total bacterial cell counts as a descriptive microbiological parameter for drinking water treatment processes","volume":"42","author":"Hammes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15914","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06357","article-title":"Flushing of stagnant premise water systems after the COVID-19 shutdown can reduce infection risk by Legionella and mycobacterium spp","volume":"54","author":"Hozalski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0019","article-title":"Extended water stagnation in buildings during the COVID-19 pandemic increases the risks posed by opportunistic pathogens","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water. Res. X."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0020","series-title":"Procedia Engineering, 12th International Conference on Computing and Control for the Water Industry, CCWI2013 70","first-page":"833","article-title":"Modelling and flow conditioning to manage discolouration in trunk mains","author":"Husband","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0021","unstructured":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management, 2020. Guidance for Flushing Public Water Systems. Office of Water Quality, Drinking Water Branch. [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.in.gov\/idem\/cleanwater\/files\/dw_guidance_flushing_systems.pdf?_ga=2.168345575.771000639.1721872631-1915272213.1717538689 (accessed 7.24.24)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8750","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c00700","article-title":"Residential water softeners release carbon, consume chlorine, and require remediation after hydrocarbon contamination","volume":"57","author":"Jankowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(01)00124-5","article-title":"Copper and silver ions more effective against legionellae than against mycobacteria in a hospital warm water system","volume":"35","author":"Kusnetsov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0024","first-page":"4868","article-title":"Overnight stagnation of drinking water in household taps induces microbial growth and changes in community composition","volume":"44","author":"Lautenschlager","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res. Microb. Ecol. Drink. Water Waste Water Treat. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0025","first-page":"2902","article-title":"Drinking water microbiology in a water-efficient building: stagnation, seasonality, and physicochemical effects on opportunistic pathogen and total bacteria proliferation","volume":"6","author":"Ley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0101-5","article-title":"Drinking water microbiome assembly induced by water stagnation","volume":"12","author":"Ling","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISMe J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2166\/aqua.2000.0021","article-title":"Impact of stagnation time on metal dissolution from plumbing materials in drinking water","volume":"49","author":"Lytle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Water Supply : Res. Technol. - AQUA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.4c01218","article-title":"Protecting children and staff from waterborne disease when reopening a shutdown school: stagnation, flushing, and shock chlorination","volume":"5","author":"Mathews","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS. ES. T. Water."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-011-9423-1","article-title":"Sulfate reduction in groundwater: characterization and applications for remediation","volume":"34","author":"Miao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0030","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health, 2023. Why does my water smell like rotten eggs? Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Bacteria in Well Water [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/communities\/environment\/water\/wells\/waterquality\/hydrosulfide.html (accessed 8.12.24)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000006","article-title":"Over the weekend: water stagnation and contaminant exceedances in a green office building","volume":"1","author":"Montagnino","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS. Water."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-021-02436-6","article-title":"Evaluation of Legiolert\u2122 for the detection of Legionella pneumophila and comparison with spread-plate culture and qPCR methods","volume":"78","author":"Monteiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1892","article-title":"The ecology and biotechnology of sulphate-reducing bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Muyzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aws2.1280","article-title":"New developments in premise plumbing: integrative hydraulic and water quality modeling","volume":"4","author":"Palmegiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"AWWa Water. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23712","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2450-z","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the environment of Hranice Abyss, the world\u2019s deepest flooded cave (Hranice karst, Czech Republic)","volume":"25","author":"Pavlik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117997","article-title":"Tenets of a holistic approach to drinking water-associated pathogen research, management, and communication","volume":"211","author":"Proctor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aws2.1186","article-title":"Considerations for large building water quality after extended stagnation","volume":"2","author":"Proctor","year":"2020","journal-title":"AWWa Water. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2023.100314","article-title":"Four buildings and a flush: lessons from degraded water quality and recommendations on building water management","volume":"18","author":"Ra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Ecotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0039","first-page":"10","article-title":"Growth of Legionella during COVID-19 lockdown stagnation","volume":"7","author":"Rhoads","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7065","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05616","article-title":"Interactive effects of corrosion, copper, and chloramines on Legionella and mycobacteria in hot water plumbing","volume":"51","author":"Rhoads","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2003.11.001","article-title":"The role of temperature gradients in residential copper pipe corrosion","volume":"46","author":"Rushing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0042","first-page":"1996","article-title":"A case study on tap water quality in large buildings recommissioned after extended closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Salehi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0043","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Initial stages of particulate iron oxide attachment on drinking water PVC pipes characterized by turbidity data and brightfield microscopy from a full-scale laboratory","volume":"8","author":"Sass Braga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0044","first-page":"108","article-title":"The function of sulfate-reducing bacteria in corrosion of potable water mains. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 13th International Biodeterioriation and Biodegradation Symposium: state-of-the-art in biodeterioration","volume":"58","author":"Seth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biodegrad. Bioremediation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-197902000-00008","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide poisoning","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.1c00176","article-title":"Human\u2013Infrastructure interactions during the COVID-19 pandemic: understanding water and electricity demand profiles at the building level","volume":"1","author":"Spearing","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS EST Water."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00143","article-title":"Compositions and abundances of sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms in water-flooded petroleum reservoirs with different temperatures in China","volume":"08","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150616","article-title":"Recovery of microbiological quality of long-term stagnant tap water in university buildings during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"806","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8223-7","article-title":"An ignored and potential source of taste and odor (T&O) issues\u2014biofilms in drinking water distribution system (DWDS)","volume":"101","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.07.019","article-title":"An experimental study on the influence of water stagnation and temperature change on water quality in a full-scale domestic drinking water system","volume":"123","author":"Zlatanovi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water. Res."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426015587?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426015587?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:13:30Z","timestamp":1790417610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135426015587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0043135426015587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Stagnant plumbing: Drinking water quality responses to stagnation in controlled systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.126885","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"126885"}}