{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T02:30:29Z","timestamp":1775183429150,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p> To study constitutional and behavioral risk factors for chilblains in patients at Abbottabad and Sialkot, Pakistan. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> One hundred patients and matched controls completed a single-page, close-ended questionnaire which included demographic data and questions related to possible constitutional and behavioral risk factors for chilblains. Computer program SPSS-10 was used to manage and analyze the data. Risk factors were identified statistically by determining odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariate analysis. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> There were an equal number of male and female respondents in each group. Age of the patients and controls ranged from 2 to 80 years with a mean of 24.51 \u00b1 16.02. Twenty-six patients and 3 controls had a positive family history for chilblains (odds ratio = 9.33); 42 patients and 14 controls reported a history of constipation (odds ratio = 2.69); 32 patients and 8 controls had a history of either numbness or tingling of fingers or toes (odds ratio = 2.93); 55 patients and 45 controls led sedentary lifestyles (odds ratio = 1.27); 85 patients and 58 controls consumed a low number of cups of tea daily (odds ratio = 3.20); 65 patients and 29 controls frequently washed their hands and\/or feet (odds ratio = 4.93); and 56 patients and 33 controls had occasional sun exposure during winter months (odds ratio = 2.08). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> Significant risk factors for the development of chilblains for people at Abbottabad and Sialkot included a history of chilblains in first-degree relatives, numbness and tingling sensations of fingers or toes, frequent hand or feet washing, and lower tea consumption during winter months. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2009.12.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,19]],"date-time":"2011-01-19T10:23:43Z","timestamp":1295432623000},"page":"17-21.e1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Constitutional and Behavioral Risk Factors for Chilblains: A Case-Control Study From Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Naeem","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PAF Hospital Faisal, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aamir","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combined Military Hospital, Pannu Aqil, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Kamran Amir","family":"Razvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasser Rashid","family":"Dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-j.wem.2009.12.023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.v15.i1.80"},{"key":"bibr2-j.wem.2009.12.023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200812000-00003"},{"key":"bibr3-j.wem.2009.12.023","first-page":"185","volume":"14","author":"Chan Y.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"bibr4-j.wem.2009.12.023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470750520.ch23"},{"key":"bibr5-j.wem.2009.12.023","first-page":"267","volume":"59","author":"Holm\u00e9r I.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"bibr6-j.wem.2009.12.023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00020.2001"},{"key":"bibr7-j.wem.2009.12.023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000078992.96795.5f"},{"key":"bibr8-j.wem.2009.12.023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-008-0014-0"},{"key":"bibr9-j.wem.2009.12.023","first-page":"1641","volume":"48","author":"Carpentier P.H.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Prat"},{"key":"bibr10-j.wem.2009.12.023","first-page":"1673","volume":"48","author":"Sarteel-Delvoye A.M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Prat"},{"key":"bibr11-j.wem.2009.12.023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/162.12.788"},{"key":"bibr12-j.wem.2009.12.023","unstructured":"Robert Hoare. 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