{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:44:52Z","timestamp":1787960692881,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008423","name":"Consejo de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Oriente","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Grant 2022JX052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 2022JX052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008423","name":"Consejo de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Oriente","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CI-3-040602-1342\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI-3-040602-1342\/07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008423","name":"Consejo de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Oriente","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CI-2-010101-1275\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI-2-010101-1275\/06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007708","name":"Fonacit","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PI-2004000385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-2004000385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007708","name":"Fonacit","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2001000672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2001000672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Conservaci\u00f3n Internacional Venezuela"},{"name":"Compa\u00f1\u00eda Aur\u00edfera Brisas del Cuyun\u00ed C.A."},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n La Salle de Ciencias Naturales"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008423","name":"Consejo de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Oriente","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007708","name":"Fonacit","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p> Scorpion envenomation is a common public health problem in Venezuela. We report an envenoming case by Tityus breweri, endemic to the Guayana Shield, southeast Venezuela, and the outcome of its treatment with antivenom anti\u2013 Tityus discrepans. Toxin composition and antigenic reactivity of T breweri venom were also explored. T breweri distribution range was re-evaluated. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> Clinical signs and symptoms in an adult male were recorded after envenoming and treatment with antivenom. Toxin composition and antigenicity of T breweri venom were investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry. T breweri distribution range was reassessed by mapping new records of the species. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> The moderately severe case (a 21-year-old man) presented autonomic manifestations, including cardiopulmonary and gastrointestinal effects. Full recovery was achieved after anti\u2013 T discrepans antivenom administration. T breweri venom contains toxins in the 6\u20138 kd range that affect voltage-sensitive sodium channels. Based on new records, T breweri distribution area reaches 12 155 km.<jats:sup> 2 <\/jats:sup> Inclusion of southeast Venezuela as an endemic area of scorpionism prompted the examination of clinical, immunological, and phylogenetic evidence for suggesting a partitioning of the Venezuelan Tityus fauna into toxinological provinces. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> The severity of the case reinforces categorization of the Guayana Shield region as a macroendemic area of scorpionism in Venezuela and allows classification of T breweri as a species of medical importance, with toxins immunologically related to central-eastern Venezuelan Tityus. Partitioning of the territory incorporating multiple criteria may help health authorities establish and implement preventive and therapeutic measures for scorpion envenoming in this region. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2010.06.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,18]],"date-time":"2010-12-18T09:30:08Z","timestamp":1292664608000},"page":"282-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Envenomation by the Scorpion <i>Tityus breweri<\/i> in the Guayana Shield, Venezuela: Report of a Case, Efficacy and Reactivity of Antivenom, and Proposal for a Toxinological Partitioning of the Venezuelan Scorpion Fauna"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Borges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Toxins and Receptors, Biomembranes Section, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando J.M.","family":"Rojas-Runjaic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Natural History La Salle, La Salle Foundation for Natural Sciences, Caracas, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nardy","family":"Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Proteomics, Biotechnology Center, Institute of Advanced Studies, Caracas, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 G.","family":"Faks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Proteomics, Biotechnology Center, Institute of Advanced Studies, Caracas, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huub J.M.","family":"Op den Camp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"De Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Anzo\u00e1tegui Campus, Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-j.wem.2010.06.008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1636\/RSt08-06.1"},{"key":"bibr2-j.wem.2010.06.008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.03.029"},{"key":"bibr3-j.wem.2010.06.008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.021"},{"key":"bibr4-j.wem.2010.06.008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822003000300006"},{"key":"bibr5-j.wem.2010.06.008","first-page":"76","volume":"25","author":"Borges A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Fac Med 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