{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:26:02Z","timestamp":1786998362744,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although snake bite remains a major health problem in Sri Lanka, there is a dearth of baseline information that would be useful in education about and prevention of snakebite.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to describe the socio-demographic characteristics, behavioral responses, treatment seeking, and prehospital interventions of snakebite victims in an area with high snakebite burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective study was based on a cohort of snakebite victims presented to the Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital over a 1-year period from January 2010.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the total of 1018 snakebite admissions, 69% were male and 65.8% were aged 21 to 50 years. Most of the victims were farmers (40%). The offending snakes were seen by 549 victims (54%); of these, only 46% (255) presented with a dead snake specimen. Only 38 of 1018 (4%) had first sought some form of indigenous treatment such as locally applied medications, herbal decoctions, nasal insufflations (\u201cNasna\u201d), or applying snake stone over the bitten site. Some form of first aid had been adopted by 681 victims (67%), of whom all had washed the bitten site, and 18 victims (2%) and 4 (0.4%) had applied a dressing or incised the bitten site, respectively. A tourniquet had been applied by 353 victims (35%) for mean duration of 26 minutes (range, 5 to 120 minutes). None of the patients had immobilized the bitten limb by splinting. Oral medications had been used for pain relief in 74 cases (7%), paracetamol by all.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A proportion of patients still seek native remedies and use inappropriate first aid after snakebite in Sri Lanka.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2013.10.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]],"date-time":"2014-01-09T21:46:56Z","timestamp":1389304016000},"page":"35-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Victims\u2019 Response to Snakebite and Socio-epidemiological Factors of 1018 Snakebites in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Abeysinghe M.","family":"Kularatne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Drs Kularatne and C. Ratnayake)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka (Dr Silva)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalana","family":"Maduwage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Dr Maduwage)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishani","family":"Ratnayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka (Dr I. Ratnayake)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chmara","family":"Walathara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka (Drs Walathara, Mendis, and Parangama)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanka","family":"Ratnayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Drs Kularatne and C. Ratnayake)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Mendis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka (Drs Walathara, Mendis, and Parangama)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjith","family":"Parangama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka (Drs Walathara, Mendis, and Parangama)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jwem201310009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050218"},{"key":"bibr2-jwem201310009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61159-4"},{"key":"bibr3-jwem201310009","unstructured":"Annual Health Bulletin.\n                      Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka; 2007."},{"key":"bibr4-jwem201310009","first-page":"733","volume":"36","author":"Kasturiratne A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"bibr5-jwem201310009","first-page":"4","volume":"10","author":"Kularatne S.A.M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J Med"},{"key":"bibr6-jwem201310009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.10.013"},{"key":"bibr7-jwem201310009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.03.023"},{"key":"bibr8-jwem201310009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.919.276"},{"key":"bibr9-jwem201310009","first-page":"855","volume":"34","author":"Kularatne S.A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"bibr10-jwem201310009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.04.002"},{"key":"bibr11-jwem201310009","volume-title":"Snake Fauna of\u00a0Sri Lanka With Special Reference to Skull, Dentition and Venom in Snakes","author":"De Silva PHDH","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr12-jwem201310009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2232.1.1"},{"key":"bibr13-jwem201310009","first-page":"42","volume":"19","author":"Cruz L.S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"bibr14-jwem201310009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61754-2"},{"key":"bibr15-jwem201310009","unstructured":"Tun-Pe Aye-Aye-Myint, Khin-Aye-Kyu Maung-Maung-Toe.\n                      Acceptability Study of Protective Boots Among Farmers of Taungdwingyi Township. Management of Snakebite and Research\n                      . New Delhi: World Health Organization, 2002 7\u201311."},{"key":"bibr16-jwem201310009","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Snake-Bites","author":"Warrell D.A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr17-jwem201310009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000603"},{"key":"bibr18-jwem201310009","unstructured":"Poverty Indicators\n                      . Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka; 2009."}],"container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1080603213003396?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1080603213003396?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.wem.2013.10.009","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.wem.2013.10.009","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.wem.2013.10.009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T12:43:33Z","timestamp":1741610613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.wem.2013.10.009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.wem.2013.10.009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wem.2013.10.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6032","1545-1534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6032","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1534","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}}}