{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T17:59:21Z","timestamp":1765994361053,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This essay will review historical and medical aspects of cold exposure, hypothermia, and frostbite during the Napoleonic era. The 19th century writings of Dominique Jean Larrey, Pierre Jean Moricheau-Beaupr\u00e9, and others are used to provide an evocative supporting narrative to illustrate some of the cold illnesses, physiology, and theory of both an earlier era and the present time. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Medical care for over a century followed the how but not the why of treating frostbite and hypothermia slowly with snow or cold water rather than heat. There were 2 main reasons: First was a practical attempt to limit gangrene. Less known, and long forgotten, is a major rationale based on the erroneous theory of heat called \u201cthe caloric.\u201d Because of these 2 reasons, the slow method of \u201ccold warming\u201d remained standard medical practice well into the 20th century. Although these recommendations are now known to be flawed, some of the reasons behind them will be discussed, along with early but correct observations on afterdrop and circumrescue collapse. There is a long backstory of treatment from 1812 to the present. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2016.09.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T06:00:43Z","timestamp":1478152843000},"page":"526-532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dull Brains and Frozen Feet: A Historical Essay on Cold"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Harvey V.","family":"Lankford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nuclear Thyroidology, Richmond, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jwem201609005","volume-title":"M\u00e9moires de Chirurgie Militaire, et Campagnes","volume":"4","author":"Larrey D.J.","year":"1817"},{"key":"bibr2-jwem201609005","volume-title":"Surgical Memoirs of the Campaigns of Russia, Germany, and France","volume":"4","author":"Larrey D.J.","year":"1832"},{"key":"bibr3-jwem201609005","volume-title":"Surgical Memoirs of the Campaigns of Russia, Germany, and France","volume":"4","author":"Larrey D.J.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr4-jwem201609005","unstructured":"Larrey DJ, Mercer JC. Surgical Memoirs of the Campaigns of Russia, Germany, and France. Vol 4https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/55810930R.nlm.nih.gov. Accessed March 16, 2016."},{"volume-title":"Des Effets et des Proprietes du Froid avec un Apercu Historique er Medical sur la Campagne de Russie","year":"1817","author":"Moricheau-Beaupr\u00e9 P.J.","key":"bibr5-jwem201609005"},{"volume-title":"A Treatise on the Effects and Properties of Cold: with a Sketch, Historical and Medical, of the Russian Campaign","year":"1826","author":"Moricheau-Beaupr\u00e9 P.J.","key":"bibr6-jwem201609005"},{"volume-title":"A Treatise on the Effects and Properties of Cold: with a Sketch, Historical and Medical, of the Russian Campaign","year":"2011","author":"Moricheau-Beaupr\u00e9 P.J.","key":"bibr7-jwem201609005"},{"key":"bibr8-jwem201609005","unstructured":"Moricheau-Beaupr\u00e9 PJ, Clendinning J. 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