{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T23:29:23Z","timestamp":1772753363840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p> Snakebite severity corresponds to size of snake because the amount of venom a snake injects is positively associated with snake size. Because fang marks are often present on snakebite patients, we tested whether the relationship between snake length and distance between fang puncture wounds can be generalized for rattlesnakes of genus Crotalus. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> We measured 2 interfang distances from 79 rattlesnakes of both sexes, 5 species, and varying body length: 1) distance between fang bases in anesthetized snakes, and 2) distance between fang punctures in a membrane-covered beaker bitten defensively. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Statistical analyses supported our 2 hypotheses, that 1) body size-related fang divergence during fang protraction (ie, anterolateral movement during fang erection), and 2) the relationship between snake length and interfang distance are similar between the sexes and among different rattlesnake species. We therefore derived a general equation to estimate snake length based on distance between fang marks, and recommended 5 snake size categories: very small (&lt;10 mm), small (10\u201315 mm), medium (15\u201320 mm), large (20\u201325 mm), and very large (&gt;25 mm). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> The distance between fang marks on a snakebite patient may be used to estimate the size or size category of the offending snake, which in some cases may have predictive value for overall clinical severity of a given envenomation. Assessing interfang distance from puncture wounds can improve snakebite research and anticipation of snakebite severity. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2017.03.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T23:00:45Z","timestamp":1494025245000},"page":"101-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Interfang Distances of Rattlesnakes: Sexual, Interspecific, and Body Size-related Variation, and Implications for Snakebite Research and Management"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"William K.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA (Drs Hayes, Corbit, and Herbert, and Mr Cardwell)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron G.","family":"Corbit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA (Drs Hayes, Corbit, and Herbert, and Mr Cardwell)"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Southern Adventist University, Collegedale, TN (Dr Corbit)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Cardwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA (Drs Hayes, Corbit, and Herbert, and Mr Cardwell)"},{"name":"Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (Mr Cardwell)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelton S.","family":"Herbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA (Drs Hayes, Corbit, and Herbert, and Mr Cardwell)"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Pacific Union College, Angwin, CA (Dr Herbert)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jwem201703006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2010.01.006"},{"key":"bibr2-jwem201703006","first-page":"37","volume":"148","author":"Wingert W.","year":"1988","journal-title":"West J Med."},{"key":"bibr3-jwem201703006","unstructured":"Hayes WK, Herbert SS, Bush SP, Rehling GC, Cardwell MD. Defensive bites by rattle snakes (genus Crotalus): venom expenditure, envenomation severity, and the importance of snake size. In: Program and Abstracts of the Biology of the Rattle snakes Symposium. Vol. 2. Loma Linda, CA: Loma Linda University; 2005:31."},{"key":"bibr4-jwem201703006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2010.01.010"},{"key":"bibr5-jwem201703006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2016.04.014"},{"key":"bibr6-jwem201703006","volume-title":"The dynamics of human and rattlesnake conflict in southern California [dissertation].","author":"Corbit A.G.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr7-jwem201703006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90223-E"},{"key":"bibr8-jwem201703006","first-page":"191","volume-title":"The Biology of Rattlesnakes.","author":"Hayes W.K.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr9-jwem201703006","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Biology of the Vipers.","author":"Hayes W.K.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr10-jwem201703006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2016.08.013"},{"key":"bibr11-jwem201703006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563657008990121"},{"key":"bibr12-jwem201703006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00182-8"},{"key":"bibr13-jwem201703006","unstructured":"Klauber L. A statistical study of the rattlesnakes. V. Head dimensions. 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