{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T17:59:59Z","timestamp":1778954399280,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Crotalus scutulatus (Mohave rattlesnake) is a clinically significant pit viper broadly distributed across much of the arid southwestern United States and mainland Mexico. Identification of C scutulatus is a concern among emergency medical service and emergency department personnel owing to its reputation for severe envenomations and difficulty in visually differentiating between C scutulatus and other species, primarily Crotalus atrox (western diamond-backed rattlesnake). We contrast distinctive characteristics of C scutulatus, C atrox, and 3 other sympatric species: Crotalus molossus, Crotalus ornatus, and Crotalus viridis (western and eastern black-tailed rattlesnakes and prairie rattlesnake, respectively). Greenish coloration eliminates C atrox but does not confirm C scutulatus. Obvious coarse and fine speckling of the dorsal pattern and a pale postocular stripe intersecting the mouth characterize C atrox. Dorsal speckling is insignificant or absent in the other species, whereas the pale postocular stripe passes above the mouth in C scutulatus and C viridis and is absent in C molossus and C ornatus. Tails boldly ringed with alternating black and white or contrasting shades of gray are shared by C atrox and C scutulatus, respectively, but a lack of boldly ringed tails characterizes the other species. The proximal rattle segment is yellow and black, or entirely yellow, in C scutulatus but black in the others. The most reliable visual identifications are based on evaluations of multiple traits, all of which are variable to some extent. Traits such as tail ring width and the size and number of crown scales have frequently been overemphasized in the past. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2022.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T17:01:38Z","timestamp":1645722098000},"page":"210-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mohave Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus scutulatus<\/i>) Identification Revisited"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Cardwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center, Tucson, Arizona"},{"name":"Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Massey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center, Tucson, Arizona"},{"name":"Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Smelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"W\u00fcster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Chiricahua Desert Museum, Rodeo, New Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-j.wem.2022.01.003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1580\/1080-6032(1999)010[0006:MRSSI]2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"bibr2-j.wem.2022.01.003","unstructured":"Crother BI, Bonett RM, Boundy J, Burbrink FT, de Queiroz K, Frost DR, et\u00a0al. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in our Understanding. 8th ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular #43; 2017:64\u20135."},{"key":"bibr3-j.wem.2022.01.003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(75)90139-7"},{"key":"bibr4-j.wem.2022.01.003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(78)90065-X"},{"key":"bibr5-j.wem.2022.01.003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr900249q"},{"key":"bibr6-j.wem.2022.01.003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2012.02.035"},{"issue":"1898","key":"bibr7-j.wem.2022.01.003","first-page":"20182735","volume":"286","author":"Zancolli G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"bibr8-j.wem.2022.01.003","first-page":"495","volume-title":"The Biology of Rattlesnakes","author":"Mackessy S.P.","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr9-j.wem.2022.01.003","first-page":"54","volume":"47","author":"Wilkinson J.A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"bibr10-j.wem.2022.01.003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2017.10.004"},{"key":"bibr11-j.wem.2022.01.003","volume-title":"The Mohave Rattlesnake and How It Became an Urban Legend","author":"Cardwell M.D.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr12-j.wem.2022.01.003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8060188"},{"key":"bibr13-j.wem.2022.01.003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3670148"},{"key":"bibr14-j.wem.2022.01.003","unstructured":"Cardwell MD. Species accounts. Mohave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus). In: Schuett GW, Feldner MJ, Smith CF, Reiserer RS, eds. Rattlesnakes of Arizona. vol. 1. Rodeo, New Mexico: ECO Publishing; 2016:563\u2013605."},{"key":"bibr15-j.wem.2022.01.003","unstructured":"Klauber LM. Experiments with decapitated rattlesnakes. In: Klauber LM. Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: Univ Calif Press; 1956:310\u20134. [2nd ed. 1997:342\u20136]."},{"key":"bibr16-j.wem.2022.01.003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2016.09.007"},{"key":"bibr17-j.wem.2022.01.003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2001.114321"},{"key":"bibr18-j.wem.2022.01.003","unstructured":"Schuett GW, Repp RA, Spencer CL, Beaman KR, Painter CW. Species accounts: Western diamond-backed rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). In: Schuett GW, Feldner MJ, Smith CF, Reiserer RS, eds. Rattlesnakes of Arizona. vol. 1. Rodeo, New Mexico: ECO Publishing; 2016:333\u201394."},{"key":"bibr19-j.wem.2022.01.003","unstructured":"Persons TB, Feldner MJ, Repp RA. Species accounts: blacktailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus). In: Schuett GW, Feldner MJ, Smith CF, Reiserer RS, eds. Rattlesnakes of Arizona. vol. 1. Rodeo, New Mexico: ECO Publishing; 2016:461\u2013505."},{"key":"bibr20-j.wem.2022.01.003","unstructured":"Davis MA, Douglas ME. Species accounts: prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis). In: Schuett GW, Feldner MJ, Smith CF, Reiserer RS, eds. Rattlesnakes of Arizona. vol. 1. Rodeo, New Mexico: ECO Publishing; 2016:289\u2013332."}],"container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1080603222000047?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1080603222000047?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.wem.2022.01.003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.wem.2022.01.003","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.wem.2022.01.003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T19:45:24Z","timestamp":1741635924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.wem.2022.01.003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.wem.2022.01.003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wem.2022.01.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6032","1545-1534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6032","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1534","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}}}