{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:23:33Z","timestamp":1786998213050,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychotic symptoms can occur at high altitude. However, most reports are in the mountaineering literature and lack a clear medical assessment and interpretation. Here we report an episode of isolated high-altitude psychosis. It consisted of a \u201cthird person\u201d phenomenon involving 2 sensory modalities: somesthetic (felt presence) and visual (the light of 2 flashlights) hallucinations. This episode occurred in a highly experienced climber when he was at an altitude of approximately 7500 m while descending at dusk from the summit of Gasherbrum I (8068 m). The symptoms lasted approximately 3 h and had fully resolved on reaching high camp (7150 m). No other physical or mental symptoms were reported. In addition to hypoxia, a number of other risk factors could have contributed to the occurrence of psychosis in this climber. These included sleep deprivation, exhaustion, dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, reduced visibility, feeling of isolation, and perceived danger. The climber has participated in many extreme altitude expeditions, and neither before nor since this episode has the climber experienced psychotic symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2023.07.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T15:23:44Z","timestamp":1692717824000},"page":"549-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Episode of \u201cThird Person\u201d Phenomenon Involving Somesthetic and Visual Hallucinations in a World-Class Extreme Altitude Climber"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Garrido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypobaria and Biomedical Physiology Service, Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona\u2014Bellvitge University Campus, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"H\u00fcfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Clinic for Psychiatry II (Psychosomatic Medicine), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717003397"},{"key":"bibr2-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2020.0210"},{"key":"bibr3-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr4-j.wem.2023.07.004","first-page":"67","volume":"12","author":"Brugger P.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr5-j.wem.2023.07.004","first-page":"148","volume":"13","author":"Garrido E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"key":"bibr6-j.wem.2023.07.004","volume-title":"The Third Man Factor: Surviving the Impossible","author":"Geiger J.","year":"2009","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr7-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70014-6"},{"key":"bibr8-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92389-2"},{"key":"bibr9-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024998"},{"key":"bibr10-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/152702902753639577"},{"key":"bibr11-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916587191002"},{"key":"bibr12-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/152702904322963708"},{"key":"bibr13-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-004-8159-4"},{"key":"bibr14-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675511"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr15-j.wem.2023.07.004","first-page":"183","volume":"55","author":"Carbone M.G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Riv Psichiatr"},{"key":"bibr16-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200406000-00003"},{"key":"bibr17-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2667"},{"key":"bibr18-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/135468097396397"},{"key":"bibr19-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/8755122520978534"},{"key":"bibr20-j.wem.2023.07.004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2006.7.275"},{"key":"bibr21-j.wem.2023.07.004","first-page":"553","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Spontaneous Thought: Mind-Wandering, Creativity and Dreaming","author":"Suedfeld P.","year":"2018","edition":"1"}],"container-title":["Wilderness &amp; 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