{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:09:47Z","timestamp":1773306587774,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VA Health Services Research and Career Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","whijournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Women's Health Issues"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T09:24:47Z","timestamp":1561454687000},"page":"S47-S55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Gender-based Differences among 1990\u20131991 Gulf War Era Veterans: Demographics, Lifestyle Behaviors, and Health Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mackenzie C.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kellie J.","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Gifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Provenzale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2003.08.006","article-title":"Conception and pregnancy during the Persian Gulf War: The risk to women veterans","volume":"14","author":"Araneta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3962-1","article-title":"The obesity epidemic in the Veterans Health Administration: Prevalence among key populations of women and men veterans","volume":"32","author":"Breland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-1160-0","article-title":"Smoking prevalence among US veterans","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/168.8.654","article-title":"Women in the Gulf War: Combat experience, exposures, and subsequent health care use","volume":"168","author":"Carney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib6","article-title":"A review of epidemiologic studies of the health of Gulf War women veterans","volume":"3","author":"Coughlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Environment and Health Sciences"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706053362306","article-title":"The risk of birth defects among children of Persian Gulf War veterans","volume":"336","author":"Cowan","year":"1997","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354916664864","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and sociodemographic, military, and health characteristics of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans: 2009-2011 national health study for a new generation of us veterans","volume":"131","author":"Cypel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4152-5","article-title":"An evidence map of the women veterans\u2019 health research literature (2008\u20132015)","volume":"32","author":"Danan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/164.1.6","article-title":"Military women's research","volume":"164","author":"Davis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib11","series-title":"Gulf War Era Veterans Report: Pre-9\/11","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib12","author":"Department of Veterans Affairs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib13","series-title":"Sourcebook: Women Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration. Volume 4: Longitudinal Trends in sociodemographics, utilization, health profile, and geographic distribution. Washington, DC","author":"Frayne","year":"2018"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.11.981","article-title":"Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War","volume":"280","author":"Fukuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00380.x","article-title":"The state of women veterans' health research: Results of a systematic literature review","volume":"21","author":"Goldzweig","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.11.1033","article-title":"Self-reported symptoms and medical conditions among 11,868 Gulf War-era veterans: The Seabee Health Study","volume":"155","author":"Gray","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.1262","article-title":"Gender differences in rates of depression, PTSD, pain, obesity, and military sexual trauma among Connecticut war veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"19","author":"Haskell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib18","author":"Hernandez"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib19","author":"Huang"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200005000-00006","article-title":"Illnesses among united states veterans of the gulf war: A population-based survey of 30,000 veterans","volume":"42","author":"Kang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(01)00245-9","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes among US Gulf War veterans: A population-based survey of 30,000 veterans","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2004.05.009","article-title":"The role of sexual assault on the risk of PTSD among Gulf War veterans","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.017103","article-title":"Respiratory health status of Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War and the effects of exposure to oil fire smoke and dust storms","volume":"59","author":"Kelsall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy147","article-title":"The Gulf War Era Cohort and Biorepository: A longitudinal research resource of veterans of the 1990\u20131991 Gulf War Era","volume":"187","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.21.1703","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: Results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults","volume":"279","author":"Lantz","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181943826","article-title":"Physical activity in a national sample of veterans","volume":"41","author":"Littman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2013-0260","article-title":"Changes in meeting physical activity guidelines after discharge from the military","volume":"12","author":"Littman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Activity and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib28","series-title":"Gulf War and Health: Volume 11: Generational Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib29","series-title":"Women in the US military: Growing share, distinctive profile","author":"Patten","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib30","first-page":"317","article-title":"Physical and emotional health of Gulf War veteran women","volume":"68","author":"Pierce","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.170.5.349","article-title":"Federal nursing service award: Monitoring the health of Persian Gulf war veteran women","volume":"170","author":"Pierce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1411863","article-title":"The asthma\u2013COPD overlap syndrome","volume":"373","author":"Postma","year":"2015","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3644","article-title":"Current challenges in female veterans' health","volume":"21","author":"Resnick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib35","author":"Rolen"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v29n04_02","article-title":"Comparing the health status of male and female veterans who use VA health care: results from the VA Women's Health Project","volume":"29","author":"Skinner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Women & Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.10.992","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of Gulf War illness in Kansas veterans: Association of symptoms with characteristics of person, place, and time of military service","volume":"152","author":"Steele","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003399","article-title":"Complex factors\u00a0in the etiology of Gulf War illness: Wartime exposures and risk factors in veteran subgroups","volume":"120","author":"Steele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/0095327X14543848","article-title":"Military service and alcohol use in the United States","volume":"41","author":"Teachman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Armed Forces & Society"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2016.1191582","article-title":"The association between unemployment status and physical health among veterans and civilians in the United States","volume":"55","author":"Tran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Work in Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-204","article-title":"Global asthma prevalence in adults: Findings from the cross-sectional world health survey","volume":"12","author":"To","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib41","series-title":"Educational attainment of veterans: 2000-2009","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib42","series-title":"Women in the military: Deployment in the Persian Gulf War","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2323-y","article-title":"Women veterans\u2019 healthcare delivery preferences and use by military service era: Findings from the National Survey of Women Veterans","volume":"28","author":"Washington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200203000-00015","article-title":"Risk factors for multisymptom illness in US Army veterans of the Gulf War","volume":"44","author":"Wolfe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2011.04.002","article-title":"Using research to transform care for women veterans: Advancing the research agenda and enhancing research\u2013clinical partnerships","volume":"21","author":"Yano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Women's Health Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861926","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/861926","article-title":"The asthma-COPD overlap syndrome: A common clinical problem in the elderly","volume":"2011","author":"Zeki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004_bib47","series-title":"Understanding the relationship between education and health: A review of the evidence and an examination of community perspectives. Population health: Behavioral and social science insights","first-page":"347","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Women's Health Issues"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1049386718304523?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1049386718304523?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T06:16:21Z","timestamp":1569392181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1049386718304523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S1049386718304523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-3867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-3867","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gender-based Differences among 1990\u20131991 Gulf War Era Veterans: Demographics, Lifestyle Behaviors, and Health Conditions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Women's Health Issues","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Jacobs Institute of Women's Health.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}