{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T21:38:37Z","timestamp":1784929117551,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":387,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA051683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA051683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DA047476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DA047476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022006","name":"Tennessee Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K12HD043483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K12HD043483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HD104983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD104983"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014588","name":"Sanofi Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","whijournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Women's Health Issues"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T19:27:33Z","timestamp":1674156453000},"page":"273-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Social Vulnerability and Initiation of Pharmacotherapy for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Medicaid Population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4672-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelie","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Wiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Spieker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Adgent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos G.","family":"Grijalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah S.","family":"Osmundson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09540-5","article-title":"Association between neighborhood disadvantage and fulfillment of desired postpartum sterilization","volume":"20","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.01.026","article-title":"Trends in gestational diabetes among hospital deliveries in 19 U.S. States, 2000\u20132010","volume":"49","author":"Bardenheier","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617976","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.617976","article-title":"The relationship between social vulnerability and COVID-19 incidence among Louisiana census tracts","volume":"8","author":"Biggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000285","article-title":"Trends in glyburide compared with insulin use for gestational diabetes treatment in the United States, 2000\u20132011","volume":"123","author":"Camelo Castillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001740","article-title":"Social contributors to glycemic control in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"128","author":"Colicchia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12937","article-title":"An explained variance-based genetic risk score associated with gestational diabetes antecedent and with progression to pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: a cohort study","volume":"122","author":"Cormier","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-021-00173-0","article-title":"Prediction of insulin treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Eleftheriades","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition & Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1792","article-title":"A Social Vulnerability Index for Disaster Management","volume":"8","author":"Flanagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib11","first-page":"34","article-title":"Measuring community vulnerability to natural and anthropogenic hazards\u2014The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s Social Vulnerability Index","volume":"80","author":"Flanagan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100414","article-title":"Preterm birth among pregnant women living in areas with high social vulnerability","volume":"3","author":"Givens","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib13","series-title":"Regression Modeling Strategies, With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic Regression, and Survival Analysis","author":"Harrell","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.048","article-title":"Geospatial analysis of food environment demonstrates associations with gestational diabetes","volume":"214","author":"Kahr","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.049","article-title":"Overweight and obese in gestational diabetes: the impact on pregnancy outcome","volume":"192","author":"Langer","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-017-0423-4","article-title":"Neighborhood disadvantage is associated with high cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Lantos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Racial & Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2131-4","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9573","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249573","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: Overview with emphasis on medical management","volume":"17","author":"Lende","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.02.028","article-title":"Urban-rural differences in pregnancy-related deaths, United States, 2011\u20132016","volume":"225","author":"Merkt","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1077225","article-title":"Can we predict the need for pharmacological treatment according to demographic and clinical characteristics in gestational diabetes?","volume":"29","author":"Meshel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.06.049","article-title":"The effect of race\/ethnicity on adverse perinatal outcomes among patients with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"207","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1711728","article-title":"Maternal racial and ethnic disparities in glycemic threshold for pharmacotherapy initiation for gestational diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Palatnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0499","article-title":"Can common clinical parameters be used to identify patients who will need insulin treatment in gestational diabetes mellitus?","volume":"34","author":"Pertot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi20-0004","article-title":"Defining heterogeneity among women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"69","author":"Powe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12209","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in gestational diabetes prevalence and contribution of common risk factors","volume":"29","author":"Pu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.07.029","article-title":"Glyburide for the management of gestational diabetes: risk factors predictive of failure and associated pregnancy outcomes","volume":"195","author":"Rochon","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12529","article-title":"The association between socio-demographic marginalization and plasma glucose levels at diagnosis of gestational diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Sampson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetic Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7217","article-title":"Trends in gestational diabetes at first live birth by race and ethnicity in the US, 2011\u20132019","volume":"326","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib29","article-title":"Association between Social Vulnerability and Achieving Glycemic Control among Pregnant Women with Pregestational Diabetes","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"AJOG Supplement, SMFM poster #1079"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.3189","article-title":"Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant individuals with gestational diabetes by race and ethnicity in the United States, 2014-2020","volume":"327","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9648798","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9648798","article-title":"Risk factors for the requirement of antenatal insulin treatment in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"2016","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2011.01329.x","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: Who requires insulin therapy?","volume":"51","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-019-02792-7","article-title":"Application of the Social Vulnerability Index for identifying teen pregnancy intervention need in the United States","volume":"23","author":"Yee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721708323641","article-title":"Psychosocial factors related to diet among women with recent gestational diabetes: opportunities for intervention","volume":"34","author":"Zehle","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Diabetes Educator"}],"container-title":["Women's Health Issues"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1049386722001803?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1049386722001803?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T04:36:19Z","timestamp":1760934979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1049386722001803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049386722001803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-3867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-3867","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Social Vulnerability and Initiation of Pharmacotherapy for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Medicaid Population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Women's Health Issues","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Jacobs Institute of Women's Health, George Washington University. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}