{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T19:33:44Z","timestamp":1772825624044,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","whijournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Women's Health Issues"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T12:54:19Z","timestamp":1691067259000},"page":"600-609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Racial\/Ethnic and Nativity Inequalities in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Role of Psychosocial Stressors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4013-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Erbetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3244-6923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristie A.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1391.015","article-title":"Psychosocial, neuroendocrine, and classical risk factors in type 2 diabetes","volume":"1113","author":"Abraham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2012.06.001","article-title":"Risk factors of diabetes in Canadian immigrants: A synthesis of recent literature","volume":"36","author":"Adhikari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib3","first-page":"649","article-title":"Multiple lifestyle and psychosocial risks and delivery of small for gestational age infants","volume":"97","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib4","first-page":"465","article-title":"Role of cortisol in the deterioration of glucose tolerance in Sudanese pregnant women","volume":"76","author":"Ahmed","year":"1999","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-022-01392-y","article-title":"Ethnic, nativity and country of origin inequities in preterm birth among Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites in New York City: What\u2019s stress got to do with it?","volume":"25","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-021-03160-0","article-title":"The time has come for all states to measure racial discrimination: A call to action for the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)","volume":"26","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-018-2500-7","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic inequities in low birth weight and preterm birth: The role of multiple forms of stress","volume":"22","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-013-1238-5","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic and nativity differences in birth outcomes among mothers in New York City: The role of social ties and social support","volume":"18","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200608000-00046","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 343: Psychosocial risk factors: Perinatal screening and intervention","volume":"108","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib11","first-page":"S14","article-title":"Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2020","volume":"42","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib13","series-title":"The dream revisited","first-page":"165","article-title":"Health in the Segregated City","author":"Arcaya","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01394","article-title":"Systemic and structural racism: Definitions, examples, health damages, and approaches to dismantling","volume":"41","author":"Braveman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib16","series-title":"National Diabetes Statistics Report 2020. Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States 2020","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2009.1416","article-title":"A prospective cohort study of modifiable risk factors for gestational diabetes among Hispanic women: Design and baseline characteristics","volume":"19","author":"Chasan-Taber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112183","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus-a metabolic and reproductive disorder","volume":"143","author":"Choudhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.07.001","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: All Asians are not alike","volume":"49","author":"Chu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib20","series-title":"Projections of the size and composition of the US population: 2014 to 2060. Current Population Reports","author":"Colby","year":"2015"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib21","article-title":"Prevalence and changes in preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes among women who had a live birth\u2014United States, 2012\u20132016","volume":"67","author":"Deputy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.130415","article-title":"Prevalence estimates of gestational diabetes mellitus in the United States, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2007\u20132010","volume":"11","author":"DeSisto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Preventing Chronic Disease"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-021-01313-5","article-title":"Understanding the healthy immigrant effect in the context of mental health challenges: A systematic critical review","volume":"24","author":"Elshahat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101176","article-title":"Racial, ethnic and nativity inequalities in gestational diabetes mellitus: The role of racial discrimination","volume":"19","author":"Erbetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM-Population Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-016-0771-4","article-title":"Psychosocial factors in diabetes and cardiovascular risk","volume":"18","author":"Hackett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Cardiology Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053","article-title":"Social determinants of health and diabetes: A scientific review","volume":"44","author":"Hill-Briggs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws381","article-title":"A population-based case-control study of stillbirth: The relationship of significant life events to the racial disparity for African Americans","volume":"177","author":"Hogue","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2011.01221.x","article-title":"Stressful events, smoking exposure, and other maternal risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"25","author":"Hosler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-009-0529-3","article-title":"Agreement between self-report and birth certificate for gestational diabetes mellitus: New York State PRAMS","volume":"14","author":"Hosler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib30","first-page":"46","article-title":"Chronic stress and insulin resistance-related indices of cardiovascular disease risk, Part I: Neurophysiological responses and pathological sequelae","volume":"13","author":"Innes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alternative Therapies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.026","article-title":"Ethnic enclaves and gestational diabetes among immigrant women in New York City","volume":"120","author":"Janevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E33","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20025","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal overweight and obesity, by nativity, Florida, 2004-2007","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib33","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in the percentage of gestational diabetes mellitus cases attributable to overweight and obesity, Florida, 2004-2007","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Preventing Chronic Disease"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305656","article-title":"Structural racism, historical redlining, and risk of preterm birth in New York City, 2013\u20132017","volume":"110","author":"Krieger","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib35","series-title":"Applied linear statistical models","author":"Kutner","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib36","first-page":"7","article-title":"The impact of psychosocial stress on maternal health outcomes: A multi-state PRAMS 8 (2016-2018) analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lawrence","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2017.1316811","article-title":"Examining the inter-correlated effects of low income, life stress, and race on birth outcomes: A representative state study","volume":"56","author":"Lefmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Work in Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3076463","article-title":"Incidence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 170,139 women","volume":"2020","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.04.018","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in preterm birth: The role of stressful life events","volume":"191","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222","article-title":"Maternal perceived discrimination and association with gestational diabetes","volume":"2","author":"MacGregor","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801153380307","article-title":"Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators","volume":"338","author":"McEwen","year":"1998","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.048","article-title":"Effect of maternal perceived stress during pregnancy on gestational diabetes mellitus risk: A prospective case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1425.016","article-title":"Poverty, maternal health, and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"1136","author":"Nagahawatte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12051","article-title":"How to measure prenatal stress? A systematic review of psychometric instruments to assess psychosocial stress during pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Nast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342","article-title":"The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Plows","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1015-8","article-title":"Who is distressed? A comparison of psychosocial stress in pregnancy across seven ethnicities","volume":"16","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.02.008","article-title":"Racial disparities in prevalence of gestational diabetes by maternal nativity and length of US residence in an urban low-income population in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7217","article-title":"Trends in gestational diabetes at first live birth by race and ethnicity in the US, 2011-2019","volume":"326","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2021.08.019","article-title":"Reducing disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes in the United States","volume":"242","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2014.05.002","article-title":"Perceived psychosocial stress and glucose intolerance among pregnant Hispanic women","volume":"40","author":"Silviera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib51","series-title":"Stata statistical software: Release 15","year":"2017"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X11000087","article-title":"Racial disparities in health","volume":"8","author":"Sternthal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2016.01.008","article-title":"Impact of race\/ethnicity and social determinants of health on diabetes outcomes","volume":"351","author":"Walker","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of the Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13222","article-title":"Understanding how discrimination can affect health","volume":"54","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-013-9473-y","article-title":"Psychosocial stress predicts abnormal glucose metabolism: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study","volume":"46","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-008-9185-0","article-title":"Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/1552-6909.12754","article-title":"Exploring the psychosocial predictors of gestational diabetes and birth weight","volume":"44","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing"}],"container-title":["Women's Health Issues"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1049386723001275?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1049386723001275?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T04:37:38Z","timestamp":1760935058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1049386723001275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049386723001275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-3867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-3867","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Racial\/Ethnic and Nativity Inequalities in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Role of Psychosocial Stressors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Women's Health Issues","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2023.06.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Jacobs Institute of Women's Health, George Washington University. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}