{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:18:26Z","timestamp":1793092706156,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World j. otorhinolaryngol.-head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experts used to believe that spasmodic dysphonia (SD) was a psychogenic disorder. Although SD is now established as a neurological disorder, the rates of co\u2010morbid anxiety and depression range from 7.1% to 62%. Our objective was to study the prevalence and risk factors associated with these mood disorders in SD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>SD patients who presented for botulinum toxin injections were recruited. Demographic data, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Voice Handicap Index\u201010 (VHI\u201010), General Self\u2010Efficacy scale (GSES), Disease Specific Self\u2010Efficacy in Spasmodic Dysphonia scale (DSSE), and Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE\u2010V) were collected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and forty two patients (age (59.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.6) years, 25.4% male) had VHI\u201010 of 26.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.9 (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation), GSES 33.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.8, CAPE\u2010V 43.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a020.9, HADS anxiety 6.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.7, and HADS depression 3.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.8. About 19 (13.4%) and 4 (2.8%) had symptoms of anxiety and depression respectively. Final linear regression model for HADS anxiety (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a032.90%) showed that patients who were less likely to have anxiety symptoms were older age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), male (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002), have higher GSES (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and lower VHI\u201010 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004). Final linear regression model for HADS depression score (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a034.42%) showed that patients who were less likely to have depressive symptoms had high DSSES (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence of anxiety (13.4%) and depression (2.8%) in SD were lower than previously reported in the literature. Risk factors for anxiety were: younger age, female gender, lower general self\u2010efficacy, and higher perceived vocal handicap. The main risk factor for depression was lower disease specific self\u2010efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2018.04.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T01:19:34Z","timestamp":1529371174000},"page":"110-116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Anxiety and depression in spasmodic dysphonia patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head &amp; Neck Surgery Department of Surgery University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al","family":"Hillel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head &amp; Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head &amp; Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"L.Traube.Gesammelte Beitr\u20acage zur Pathologie und Physiologie.1871 I II. 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