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Exosomes contribute to the rapid inter\u2010epithelial transfer of proteins and mediate innate immunosurveillance and defense mechanisms in the human nasal cavity. Exosomes also protect their cell specific cargo from degradation by nucleases and proteases and mirrorCRS related tissue protein perturbations more effectively than whole mucus. Thus, exosomal isolation and analysis may be used to non\u2010invasively monitor disease severity, prognosis, and potentially even treatment response.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Recent studies of exosomes in CRS suggest they can be used to study the immunopathology of chronic sinonasal inflammation. Furthermore, their relative accessibility suggests that exosomal proteomescan be used as non\u2010invasive, serial, and quantitative biosignatures for rhinosinusitis that can be sampled in clinic in order to predict disease severity, prognosis, and treatment response. Exosomal research has also led to important revelations regarding their physiologic function as they seem to play an important role in innate immunosurveillance and defense. However, exosomal research is still nascent and cost\u2010effectiveness as well as feasibility of implementation in the routine workup for CRS have to be further explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2018.07.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T21:48:07Z","timestamp":1541108887000},"page":"175-178","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exosomes and chronic rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Sarina K.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Waldstrasse 1 91054 Erlangen Germany"},{"name":"Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Harvard Medical School 243 Charles Street 02114 Boston 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