{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T20:24:48Z","timestamp":1750364688352,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011744","name":"National University Health System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011744","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011744","name":"National University Health System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011744","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NMRC Bedside & Bench","award":["R-397-000-245-511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-397-000-245-511"]}]},{"name":"Singapore Academic Research Fund","award":["R-397-000-297-114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-397-000-297-114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World j. otorhinolaryngol.-head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the feasibility of a real time miniature endoscope system for imaging the nasopharynx.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preclinical assessment on skull model and cadaver.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 3.5\u00a0mm miniature endoscope was fabricated and the image capture of the nasopharynx was investigated by positioning the miniature camera system at the posterior free edge of the vomer bone. Wireless real time transmission of the images and quality was tested in a skull model. Next, three nasopharyngeal surveillance miniature camera system were developed for possible clinical translation. Two prototypes were anchored on the nasal septum and the last prototype was designed using a patient self\u2010administered surveillance process. These prototypes were tested for feasibility on both the phantom skull and cadaveric model. Risk assessments were also performed to assess risk, safety and validate the reliability of the material utilized for clinical translation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insertion and anchorage of the miniature surveillance endoscope prototypes at the vomer bone were feasible on all 3 prototypes. The quality of captured images was reasonable and miniaturized camera was responsive to pan at different angles so that the entire nasopharynx may be surveyed. Risk assessments on the material such as pull out test, breaking force analysis, finite element test and tensile strength test were reliable for possible clinical translation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Real time miniature endoscope system for surveillance of nasopharyngeal cancer is feasible. Clinical translation of this technology was possible but requires further refinement in enhancing image quality and wireless transmission of the captured images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2020.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]],"date-time":"2020-04-18T11:30:59Z","timestamp":1587209459000},"page":"4-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Real time in\u2010vivo miniature endoscopic surveillance system for imaging of nasopharynx"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chwee Ming","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery National University Health System Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Singapore General Hospital Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gangodu Nagaraja","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery National University Health System Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Trends in Cancer Incidence in Singapore 2010\u20102014","year":"2015","author":"Singapore Cancer Registry","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00055-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4456"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMWS-BIO.2013.6756242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000168579.94187.f6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hys230"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19991115)86:10<1912::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.07.702"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"766","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal cancer: current status of management: a New York Head and Neck Society lecture","volume":"127","author":"Wei W.I.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66698-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-010-1292-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0b013e318277d804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2013.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027134"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - 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