{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:02:20Z","timestamp":1791266540598,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,21]],"date-time":"2013-02-21T01:02:34Z","timestamp":1361408554000},"page":"848-854","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["The Current Role of Steroids in Acute Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Bydon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Macki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziya L.","family":"Gokaslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Bydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1089\/cns.1985.2.257","article-title":"Lipid hydrolysis and peroxidation in injured spinal cord: partial protection with methylprednisolone or vitamin E and selenium","volume":"2","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cent Nerv Syst Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(93)90184-L","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids: molecular mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Barnes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)01410-J","article-title":"Methylprednisolone inhibits early inflammatory processes but not ischemic cell death after experimental spinal cord lesion in the rat","volume":"672","author":"Bartholdi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp322","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of cellular inflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury: evidence for a multiphasic inflammatory response in the acute to chronic environment","volume":"133","author":"Beck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200206000-00021","article-title":"Targeting the host inflammatory response in traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Bethea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000201274.59427.a4","article-title":"Predicting neurologic recovery in cervical spinal cord injury with postoperative MR imaging","volume":"31","author":"Boldin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib7","first-page":"CD001046","article-title":"Steroids for acute spinal cord injury","volume":"1","author":"Bracken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03340250025015","article-title":"Efficacy of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury","volume":"251","author":"Bracken","year":"1984","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199005173222001","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. Results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study","volume":"322","author":"Bracken","year":"1990","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib10","first-page":"23","article-title":"Methylprednisolone or naloxone treatment after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow-up data. Results of the second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study","volume":"76","author":"Bracken","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib11","first-page":"704","article-title":"Methylprednisolone and neurological function 1 year after spinal cord injury. Results of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study","volume":"63","author":"Bracken","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540440031029","volume":"277","author":"Bracken","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib13","first-page":"699","article-title":"Methylprednisolone or tirilazad mesylate administration after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow up. Results of the third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury randomized controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Bracken","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)61009-1","article-title":"Progressive damage after brain and spinal cord injury: pathomechanisms and treatment strategies","volume":"161","author":"Bramlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90311-5","article-title":"Acute enhancement of spinal cord synaptosomal (Na+\u00a0+ K+)-ATPase activity in cats following intravenous methylprednisolone","volume":"219","author":"Braughler","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib16","first-page":"838","article-title":"Correlation of methylprednisolone levels in cat spinal cord with its effects on (Na+\u00a0+ K+)-ATPase, lipid peroxidation, and alpha motor neuron function","volume":"56","author":"Braughler","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib17","first-page":"256","article-title":"Lactate and pyruvate metabolism in injured cat spinal cord before and after a single large intravenous dose of methylprednisolone","volume":"59","author":"Braughler","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.25665","article-title":"Cervical spine injuries in children: a review of 103 patients treated consecutively at a level 1 pediatric trauma center","volume":"36","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib19","first-page":"75","article-title":"Observations on the pathology of human spinal cord injury. A review and classification of 22 new cases with details from a case of chronic cord compression with extensive focal demyelination","volume":"59","author":"Bunge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1993.01420170132021","article-title":"Incidence, characteristics, and outcome of spinal cord injury at trauma centers in North America","volume":"128","author":"Burney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2010273","article-title":"Multifactor clinical score and outcome of mechanical ventilation weaning trials: Burns Wean Assessment Program","volume":"19","author":"Burns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6785","article-title":"Acute inflammatory response in spinal cord following impact injury","volume":"151","author":"Carlson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.01.002","article-title":"Spatial distribution and acute anti-inflammatory effects of methylprednisolone after sustained local delivery to the contused spinal cord","volume":"29","author":"Chvatal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03013253","article-title":"Predictors of hospital mortality and mechanical ventilation in patients with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"45","author":"Claxton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-200006000-00001","article-title":"A\u00a0critical appraisal of the reporting of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (II and III) of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Coleman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-007-0037-y","article-title":"Acute spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Cortez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390080043011","article-title":"Cause of death for patients with spinal cord injuries","volume":"149","author":"DeVivo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753778","article-title":"Epidemiology of spinal cord injury in children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"DeVivo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2004.08.0100","article-title":"Quality of life of individuals with spinal cord injury: a review of conceptualization, measurement, and research findings","volume":"42","author":"Dijkers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.06.009","article-title":"Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"209","author":"Donnelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib31","first-page":"693","article-title":"Experimental treatments of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Ducker","year":"1969","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199408000-00009","article-title":"The effectiveness of surgery on the treatment of acute spinal cord injury and its relation to pharmacological treatment","volume":"35","author":"Duh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00983.x","article-title":"Secondary cell death and the inflammatory reaction after dorsal hemisection of the rat spinal cord","volume":"6","author":"Dusart","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000214886.21265.8c","article-title":"Questionnaire survey of spine surgeons on the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"Eck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib35","first-page":"911","article-title":"Apoptosis after traumatic human spinal cord injury","volume":"89","author":"Emery","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib36","first-page":"175","article-title":"Experimental neurobiology of central nervous system trauma","volume":"7","author":"Faden","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102007","article-title":"Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP panel: spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury and statistical power needed for therapeutic clinical trials","volume":"45","author":"Fawcett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2005.032698","article-title":"High dose methylprednisolone in the immediate management of acute, blunt spinal cord injury: what is the current practice in emergency departments, spinal units, and neurosurgical units in the UK?","volume":"23","author":"Frampton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib39","first-page":"1529","article-title":"Spinal cord injury outcomes in a population-based sample","volume":"31","author":"Gerhart","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib40","first-page":"279","article-title":"Consequences of high-dose steroid therapy for acute spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Gerndt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib41","first-page":"18","article-title":"Pediatric spinal trauma. Review of 122 cases of spinal cord and vertebral column injuries","volume":"68","author":"Hadley","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(79)90166-3","article-title":"Acute effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on spinal reflexes","volume":"63","author":"Hall","year":"1979","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib43","first-page":"700","article-title":"Pediatric spinal injury: review of 174 hospital admissions","volume":"77","author":"Hamilton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2000.93.1.0001","article-title":"Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury: an inappropriate standard of care","volume":"93","author":"Hurlbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112151-00009","article-title":"The role of steroids in acute spinal cord injury: an evidence-based analysis","volume":"26","author":"Hurlbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000218264.37914.2c","article-title":"Strategies of medical intervention in the management of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"Hurlbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib47","first-page":"650857","article-title":"Clinical and experimental advances in regeneration of spinal cord injury","volume":"2010","author":"Hyun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Tissue Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b613c7","article-title":"Does high dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate really improve neurological status in patient with acute cervical cord injury? A prospective study about neurological recovery and early complications","volume":"34","author":"Ito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612053507468","article-title":"Inflammatory-mediated injury and repair in the traumatically injured spinal cord","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib50","first-page":"212","article-title":"The clinical neuropathology of spinal cord injury. A guide to the future","volume":"25","author":"Kakulas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1997.11740815","article-title":"Effect of a single huge dose of methylprednisolone on blood flow, evoked potentials, and histology after acute spinal cord injury in the rat","volume":"19","author":"Koyanagi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(75)90057-0","article-title":"Incidence of traumatic spinal cord lesions","volume":"28","author":"Kraus","year":"1975","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000197151.95849.7f","article-title":"End organ effects of high-dose human equivalent methylprednisolone in a spinal cord injury rat model","volume":"31","author":"Kubeck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1149","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of non-invasive pharmacologic neuroprotective treatments for acute spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Kwon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2003.07.007","article-title":"Pathophysiology and pharmacologic treatment of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"4","author":"Kwon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102010","article-title":"Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP panel: clinical trial design","volume":"45","author":"Lammertse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5547-07.2008","article-title":"Methylprednisolone protects oligodendrocytes but not neurons after spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000253964.10701.00","article-title":"The impact of methylprednisolone on lesion severity following spinal cord injury","volume":"32","author":"Leypold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200007150-00022","article-title":"Advances in secondary spinal cord injury: role of apoptosis","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-011-0162-5","article-title":"Acute treatment options for spinal cord injury","author":"Markandaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200102150-00020","article-title":"Early complications of high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment in the follow-up of acute cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100432","article-title":"International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. American Spinal Injury Association","volume":"35","author":"Maynard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib63","first-page":"200","article-title":"Effect of methylprednisolone in compression trauma to the feline spinal cord","volume":"55","author":"Means","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200203000-00003","article-title":"Histologic characterization of acute spinal cord injury treated with intravenous methylprednisolone","volume":"16","author":"Merola","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ana.0000314442.40952.0d","article-title":"Methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury: a tarnished standard","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2433060583","article-title":"Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome\u2014prospective study with 100 consecutive patients","volume":"243","author":"Miyanji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E562","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112150-00017","article-title":"Questionnaire survey of the views of the delegates at the European Cervical Spine Research Society meeting on the administration of methylprednisolone for acute traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Molloy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib68","first-page":"1088","article-title":"Steroids and spinal cord injury: revisiting the NASCIS 2 and NASCIS 3 trials","volume":"45","author":"Nesathurai","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib69","first-page":"114","article-title":"Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children","volume":"57","author":"Pang","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100962","article-title":"Pharmacological therapy of spinal cord injury during the acute phase","volume":"38","author":"Pointillart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(97)00090-9","article-title":"An evaluation of the factors affecting neurological recovery following spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Poynton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2000.1165","article-title":"High-dose methylprednisolone may do more harm for spinal cord injury","volume":"55","author":"Qian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101681","article-title":"High-dose methylprednisolone may cause myopathy in acute spinal cord injury patients","volume":"43","author":"Qian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10187","article-title":"Efficacy of methylprednisolone therapy for the injured rat spinal cord","volume":"68","author":"Rabchevsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818786db","article-title":"Urgent surgical decompression compared to methylprednisolone for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury: a randomized prospective study in beagle dogs","volume":"33","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08001.x","article-title":"Calpeptin and methylprednisolone inhibit apoptosis in rat spinal cord injury","volume":"890","author":"Ray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ana.0000314441.63823.b0","article-title":"Methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury: is there any other ethical choice?","volume":"20","author":"Rozet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib78","first-page":"25","article-title":"Pediatric spinal injury: the very young","volume":"68","author":"Ruge","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.11.001","article-title":"Methylprednisolone treatment in acute spinal cord injury: the myth challenged through a structured analysis of published literature","volume":"6","author":"Sayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112151-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Sekhon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100986","article-title":"High dose methylprednisolone in the management of acute spinal cord injury\u2014a systematic review from a clinical perspective","volume":"38","author":"Short","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102008","article-title":"Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury (SCI) as developed by the ICCP panel: clinical trial outcome measures","volume":"45","author":"Steeves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.12.005","article-title":"Early complications of high-dose methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury patients","volume":"39","author":"Suberviola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1995.tb00619.x","article-title":"Update on the pathophysiology and pathology of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"5","author":"Tator","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(93)90069-D","article-title":"Changes in epidemiology of acute spinal cord injury from 1947 to 1981","volume":"40","author":"Tator","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib86","first-page":"15","article-title":"Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms","volume":"75","author":"Tator","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000250273.28483.5c","article-title":"Effects of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study of high-dose methylprednisolone therapy on acute cervical spinal cord injury\u2014results in spinal injuries center","volume":"31","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102009","article-title":"Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP Panel: clinical trial inclusion\/exclusion criteria and ethics","volume":"45","author":"Tuszynski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib89","first-page":"617","article-title":"Mortality, morbidity, and psychosocial outcomes of persons spinal cord injured more than 20 years ago","volume":"30","author":"Whiteneck","year":"1992","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100628","article-title":"Mortality following spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Yeo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875013003483?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875013003483?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]],"date-time":"2019-11-03T13:20:07Z","timestamp":1572787207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875013003483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1878875013003483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.062","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}}}