{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:49:52Z","timestamp":1790246992042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","worldneurosurgery.org","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,14]],"date-time":"2015-11-14T14:33:34Z","timestamp":1447511614000},"page":"647-655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Renaissance Neurosurgery: Italy's Iconic Contributions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6966-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil","family":"Nanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imad Saeed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Apuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib1","series-title":"The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy","author":"Burckhardt","year":"1904"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.10.JNS101331","article-title":"Berengario da Carpi: a pioneer in neurotraumatology","volume":"114","author":"Di Ieva","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(83)90091-5","article-title":"Italian contribution to the origin of neurosurgery","volume":"20","author":"Guidetti","year":"1983","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0206-4","article-title":"Neurosurgery in Italy: the past, the present, the future","volume":"32","author":"Mastronardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib5","series-title":"Commentary with Many Additions on the Anatomy of Mondino","author":"Berengario da Carpi","year":"1521"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.105.5.789","article-title":"Neuroanatomy and cadaver dissection in Italy: history, medicolegal issues, and neurosurgical perspectives","volume":"105","author":"Frati","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib7","series-title":"The Eyes of the Anatomist: Dissection of the Body and Invention in the West","author":"Mandressi","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000324991.45949.E4","article-title":"Development of anatomic science in the late middle ages: the roles played by Mondino de Liuzzi and Guido da Vigevano","volume":"65","author":"Rengachary","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib9","series-title":"A\u00a0List of Books by Some of the Old Masters of Medicine and Surgery","author":"Pilcher","year":"1918"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000139488.53440.73","article-title":"Padua: the renaissance of human anatomy and medicine","volume":"55","author":"Andrioli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib11","unstructured":"Lyons AS. Medical Education: The Rise of the Universities. HealthGuidance. Available at: http:\/\/www.healthguidance.org\/entry\/6345\/1\/Medical-Education-The-Rise-of-the-Universities.html. Accessed 1\u00a0May\u00a02012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib12","volume":"Vol. 1\u20132","author":"Keele","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s001060050665","article-title":"Historical development of facial nerve surgery with special reference to hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis","volume":"48","author":"Streppel","year":"2000","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib14","unstructured":"Leonardo da Vinci. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Available at: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonardo_da_Vinci. Accessed May 1,\u00a02012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib15","first-page":"777","article-title":"On the trail of Leonardo","volume":"158","author":"Johnston","year":"1998","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib16","series-title":"The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci. Sacred Texts","author":"Richter","year":"1883"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)02121-4","article-title":"Leonardo da Vinci's contributions to neuroscience","volume":"25","author":"Pevsner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1159\/000169111","article-title":"Realdo Colombo (1516\u20131559). A reappraisal","volume":"17","author":"Eknoyan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000249263.80579.F9","article-title":"History of spine biomechanics: part II\u2014from the Renaissance to the 20th century","volume":"60","author":"Naderi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.100.12.540","article-title":"Brain \u201cimaging\u201d in the Renaissance","volume":"100","author":"Paluzzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199301000-00014","article-title":"Leonardo Da Vinci's right-to-left \u201cmirrored\u201d writing revisited","volume":"30","author":"Reinke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib22","series-title":"On the Fabric of the Human Body","author":"Vesalius","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib23","series-title":"A\u00a0Bio-Bibliography of Andreas Vesalius","author":"Cushing","year":"1943"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199606010-00024","article-title":"Andreas Vesalius 1514\u20131564","volume":"21","author":"Benini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib25","unstructured":"Eustachius, Bartholomaeus (ca. 1505\u20131574). Opuscula anatomica. Venice: Vincenzo Luchino, 1564. |\u00a0Christie\u2019s: Available at: http:\/\/www.christies.com\/LotFinder\/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=924023. Accessed April 18,\u00a02011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib26","unstructured":"Bartholomeo Eustachi. Tabulae anatomicae: Historical Anatomies on the Web. Available at: https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/historicalanatomies\/eustachi_home.html. Accessed May 1,\u00a02012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib27","unstructured":"faqs.org. Bartolomeo Eustachio Biography (c.\u00a01524-1574). Available at: http:\/\/www.faqs.org\/health\/bios\/16\/Bartolomeo-Eustachio.html. Accessed May 1,\u00a02012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib28","unstructured":"Book Rags. Bartolomeo Eustachio. Available at: http:\/\/www.bookrags.com\/research\/bartolomeo-eustachio-scit-0312\/. Accessed May 1,\u00a02012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib29","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Costanzo Varolio (1543\u20131575)","volume":"256","author":"Zago","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib30","unstructured":"Costanzo Varolio. Wikipedia. Available at: http:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Costanzo_Varolio#cite_ref-1. Accessed April 11,\u00a02011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib31","series-title":"Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function","author":"Finger","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1163\/22977953-0420304018","article-title":"The mystique of the frontal lobes","volume":"42","author":"Schiller","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gesnerus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.15.2.119","article-title":"The treatment of head injury during the Renaissance","volume":"15","author":"Nathan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Accid Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib34","series-title":"Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice","author":"Siraisi","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib35","series-title":"On Fracture of the Skull or Cranium","author":"Berengario da Carpi","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181bd2ddc","article-title":"Treatise on skull fractures by Berengario da Carpi (1460-1530)","volume":"20","author":"Mazzola","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib37","first-page":"473","article-title":"Berengario on \u201csigna cerebri commoti.\u201d","volume":"43","author":"Govons","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib38","series-title":"The Anatomical Observations: Arranged Accordingly in Five Books","author":"Falloppio","year":"1610"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199610000-00001","article-title":"The history of spinal biomechanics","volume":"39","author":"Sanan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib40","unstructured":"Martin RB. A genealogy of biomechanics. Available at: http:\/\/www.asbweb.org\/about-biomechanics\/the-original-biomechanists\/. Accessed May 1,\u00a02012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000368101.34523.E1","article-title":"Concealed neuroanatomy in Michelangelo's Separation of Light From Darkness in the Sistine Chapel","volume":"66","author":"Suk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib42","series-title":"Lives of the Artists","author":"Vasari","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib43","series-title":"The Epitome of Andreas Vesalius","author":"Vesalius","year":"1949"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199608000-00030","article-title":"Birthday of peripheral nervous system surgery: the contribution of Gabriele Ferrara (1543-1627)","volume":"39","author":"Artico","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib45","series-title":"The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci","author":"Richter","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.5.0874","article-title":"Leonardo da Vinci: the search for the soul","volume":"89","author":"Del Maestro","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib47","unstructured":"Meshberger FL. An Interpretation of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam Based on Neuroanatom. WellCorps International: News to Use. Available at: http:\/\/www.wellcorps.com\/files\/TheCreation.pdf. Accessed December 10,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1076\/apab.107.1.1.4354","article-title":"Artful imaging of the brain. From logo to metaphor, about Michelangelo and Kiefer","volume":"107","author":"Lakke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E503","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31821787cc","article-title":"On the anatomy in Michelangelo's separation of light from darkness","volume":"69","author":"Bondeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875015015338?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875015015338?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T04:35:26Z","timestamp":1653539726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875015015338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S1878875015015338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Renaissance Neurosurgery: Italy's Iconic Contributions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}