{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:34:42Z","timestamp":1793255682220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","worldneurosurgery.org","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T14:22:13Z","timestamp":1524752533000},"page":"e620-e628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Risk Factor Analysis for the Outcomes of Indirect Traumatic Optic Neuropathy with No Light Perception at Initial Visual Acuity Testing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"I-Li","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9259-9839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han-Tsung","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(91)90114-K","article-title":"The characteristics of midfacial fractures and the association with ocular injury: a prospective study","volume":"29","author":"al-Qurainy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988309100313","article-title":"Incidence of eye injuries in facial fractures: an analysis of 727 cases","volume":"91","author":"Holt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.12.035","article-title":"Ophthalmic injuries in patients with zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures requiring surgical repair","volume":"67","author":"Jamal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(94)90145-7","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"38","author":"Steinsapir","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701571","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"18","author":"Sarkies","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib6","first-page":"CD006032","article-title":"Steroids for traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"6","author":"Yu-Wai-Man","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23845","article-title":"The effect of steroids in combination with optic nerve decompression surgery in traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"123","author":"Ropposch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib8","first-page":"433","article-title":"Pathological-clinical correlations. I. Indirect trauma to the optic nerves and chiasm. II. Certain cerebral involvements associated with defective blood supply","volume":"5","author":"Walsh","year":"1966","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib9","first-page":"261","article-title":"Incidence of optic canal fracture in the traumatic optic neuropathy and its effect on the visual outcome","volume":"101","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200106000-00003","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy: a review of 61 patients","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34769-7","article-title":"Optic nerve blindness following blunt forehead trauma","volume":"89","author":"Anderson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890160031006","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy. A meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Cook","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.67.1.0102","article-title":"Evaluation of an intensive methylprednisolone sodium succinate dosing regimen in experimental spinal cord injury","volume":"67","author":"Braughler","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.1.0013","article-title":"The neuroprotective pharmacology of methylprednisolone","volume":"76","author":"Hall","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib15","first-page":"795","article-title":"Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy complicated with periorbital facial bone fracture","volume":"56","author":"Hsieh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00707-1","article-title":"The treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: the International Optic Nerve Trauma Study","volume":"106","author":"Levin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000096442.82059.6d","article-title":"Outcome for traumatic optic neuropathy\u2013surgical versus nonsurgical treatment","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0441-0","article-title":"High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in recent traumatic optic neuropathy; a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"245","author":"Entezari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.3129\/i09-133","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy\u2013to treat or not to treat?","volume":"44","author":"Tandon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2012.20.131-132","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy\u2013to treat or to observe?","volume":"20","author":"Samardzic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Inform Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.79","article-title":"Surveillance of traumatic optic neuropathy in the UK","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199005173222001","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. Results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study","volume":"322","author":"Bracken","year":"1990","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/01.scs.0000248654.15287.89","article-title":"Endoscopically assisted transconjunctival decompression of traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib24","first-page":"175","article-title":"Intranasal endoscopic surgery in traumatic optic neuropathy\u2013the Belgian experience","volume":"54","author":"De Ganseman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2015.04.023","article-title":"Evaluation of transcranial surgical decompression of the optic canal as a treatment option for traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"134","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2015.03.001","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal management of orbital pathologies","volume":"26","author":"Castelnuovo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.129.11.1203","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy: visual outcome following combined therapy protocol","volume":"129","author":"Rajiniganth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000694","article-title":"Risk factors analysis for the outcome of indirect traumatic optic neuropathy with steroid pulse therapy","volume":"76","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib29","first-page":"6492858","article-title":"The outcome of endoscopic transethmosphenoid optic canal decompression for indirect traumatic optic neuropathy with no-light-perception","volume":"2016","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.02.007","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy: an evolving understanding","volume":"151","author":"Steinsapir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540440031029","volume":"277","author":"Bracken","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib32","first-page":"140","article-title":"Methylprednisolone and spinal cord injury","volume":"96","author":"Bracken","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.5.574","article-title":"Efficacy of methylprednisolone pulse therapy on neuroleptic malignant syndrome in Parkinson's disease","volume":"74","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2007.09.177","article-title":"Mucormycoses: serious complication of high-dose corticosteroid therapy for traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"37","author":"Dojcinovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-011-0368-2","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES\/RPLS) during pulse steroid therapy in macrophage activation syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib36","first-page":"455","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome due to pulse methylprednisolone therapy in a child","volume":"55","author":"Incecik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01375.x","article-title":"Avascular necrosis of the bones: an overlooked complication of pulse steroid treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Ce","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.10.032","article-title":"Short-term tolerance of pulse methylprednisolone therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"112","author":"Feldman-Billard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3963","article-title":"Methylprednisolone for the treatment of patients with acute spinal cord injuries: a propensity score-matched cohort study from a Canadian multi-center spinal cord injury registry","volume":"32","author":"Evaniew","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17188-2","article-title":"Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"364","author":"Roberts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200301000-00021","article-title":"Delayed optic nerve decompression for indirect optic nerve injury","volume":"113","author":"Thakar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14131873","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy prediction after blunt facial trauma: derivation of a risk score based on facial CT findings at admission","volume":"272","author":"Bodanapally","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.086538","article-title":"Computer modelling study of the mechanism of optic nerve injury in blunt trauma","volume":"90","author":"Cirovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib44","first-page":"1035","article-title":"[Usefulness of extradural optic canal unroofing and decompression of the optic nerve for improvement of visual acuity in traumatic optic neuropathy]","volume":"42","author":"Nishida","year":"2014","journal-title":"No Shinkei Geka"},{"issue":"4 suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000455335.01030.a0","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy: an 8-year experience of management and outcomes analysis","volume":"134","author":"Sosin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875018308416?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875018308416?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T17:01:44Z","timestamp":1530032504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875018308416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S1878875018308416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk Factor Analysis for the Outcomes of Indirect Traumatic Optic Neuropathy with No Light Perception at Initial Visual Acuity Testing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.121","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}