{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:48:30Z","timestamp":1792226910980,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T21:07:57Z","timestamp":1556140077000},"page":"114-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pathologic Basis of Lumbar Radicular Pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Dower","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ghahreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3633-7","article-title":"A\u00a0history of lumbar disc herniation from Hippocrates to the 1990s","volume":"473","author":"Truumees","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199907010-00018","article-title":"Hippocrates. The father of spine surgery","volume":"24","author":"Marketos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib3","series-title":"The Ischial Nerve","author":"Cotugno","year":"1764"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2005000400030","article-title":"The history of spinal surgery for disc disease: an illustrated timeline","volume":"63","author":"Castro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM193408022110506","article-title":"Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal","volume":"211","author":"Mixter","year":"1934","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198802043180506","article-title":"Back pain and sciatica","volume":"318","author":"Frymoyer","year":"1988","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem238","article-title":"Sciatica: a review of history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and the role of epidural steroid injection in management","volume":"99","author":"Stafford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3109\/07853898909149227","article-title":"Genetic and environmental factors in sciatica. Evidence from a nationwide panel of 9365 adult twin pairs","volume":"21","author":"Heikkila","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2016.06.013","article-title":"Increased low back pain risk in nurses with high workload for patient care: a questionnaire survey","volume":"55","author":"Shieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199309010-00006","article-title":"The natural course of acute sciatica with nerve root symptoms in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effect of piroxicam","volume":"18","author":"Weber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/25.2.181","article-title":"A\u00a0controlled trial of continuous lumbar traction in the treatment of back pain and sciatica","volume":"25","author":"Pal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198904000-00018","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc with radiculopathy. An outcome study","volume":"14","author":"Saal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00003","article-title":"Lumbar disc herniation. A controlled, prospective study with ten years of observation","volume":"8","author":"Weber","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib14","first-page":"3","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the course of disc herniations in patients with proven radiculopathy","volume":"74","author":"Ellenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900100900102","article-title":"Natural history of lumbar disc hernia with radicular leg pain: spontaneous MRI changes of the herniated mass and correlation with clinical outcome","volume":"9","author":"Takada","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199503150-00012","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings 10 years after treatment for lumbar disc herniation","volume":"20","author":"Fraser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1308\/003588410X12518836438840","article-title":"Conservatively treated massive prolapsed discs: a 7-year follow-up","volume":"92","author":"Benson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib18","series-title":"Medical Management of Acute Lumbar Radicular Pain: An Evidence-based Approach","author":"Bogduk","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E93","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200103010-00006","article-title":"Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology. Recommendations of the Combined Task Forces of the North American Spine Society, American Society of Spine Radiology, and American Society of Neuroradiology","volume":"26","author":"Fardon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668030-00011","article-title":"Cauda equina syndrome and lumbar disc herniation","volume":"68","author":"Kostuik","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib21","first-page":"433","article-title":"The lateral recess syndrome. A variant of spinal stenosis","volume":"53","author":"Ciric","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E65","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000252202.85377.96","article-title":"Electrophysiologic changes in dorsal root ganglion neurons and behavioral changes in a lumbar radiculopathy model","volume":"32","author":"Kirita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib23","series-title":"A\u00a0Neurophysiological Basis for the Radicular Pain of Nerve Root Compression","first-page":"647","author":"Howe","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(77)90033-1","article-title":"Mechanosensitivity of dorsal root ganglia and chronically injured axons: a physiological basis for the radicular pain of nerve root compression","volume":"3","author":"Howe","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200103150-00022","article-title":"Clinical features of extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation based on the radiographic location of the dorsal root ganglion","volume":"26","author":"Ohmori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00908.x","article-title":"The efficacy of transforaminal injection of steroids for the treatment of lumbar radicular pain","volume":"11","author":"Ghahreman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01116.x","article-title":"Predictors of a favorable response to transforaminal injection of steroids in patients with lumbar radicular pain due to disc herniation","volume":"12","author":"Ghahreman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1695571","article-title":"Mechanical thresholds for initiation and persistence of pain following nerve root injury: mechanical and chemical contributions at injury","volume":"126","author":"Winkelstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199204000-00003","article-title":"Straight leg raising test versus radiologic size, shape, and position of lumbar disc hernias","volume":"17","author":"Thelander","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002235","article-title":"Reduced spinal cord movement with the straight leg raise test in patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation","volume":"42","author":"Rade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib31","series-title":"Cervical Pain","first-page":"89","article-title":"The mechanism of spondylogenic pain","author":"Mcnab","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199210000-00013","article-title":"The natural history of sciatica associated with disc pathology. A prospective study with clinical and independent radiologic follow-up","volume":"17","author":"Bush","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199208000-00010","article-title":"Lumbar disc herniation. Computed tomography scan changes after conservative treatment of nerve root compression","volume":"17","author":"Delauche-Cavallier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199209000-00010","article-title":"Computed tomographic follow-up study of forty-eight cases of nonoperatively treated lumbar intervertebral disc herniation","volume":"17","author":"Maigne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199007000-00013","article-title":"The natural history of lumbar intervertebral disc extrusions treated nonoperatively","volume":"15","author":"Saal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072030-00013","article-title":"Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation","volume":"72","author":"Boden","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407143310201","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain","volume":"331","author":"Jensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198409000-00003","article-title":"A\u00a0study of computer-assisted tomography. I. The incidence of positive CAT scans in an asymptomatic group of patients","volume":"9","author":"Wiesel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199318110-00005","article-title":"Autologous nucleus pulposus induces neurophysiologic and histologic changes in porcine cauda equina nerve roots","volume":"18","author":"Olmarker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3109\/17453675108991169","article-title":"Histologic changes in spinal nerve roots of operated cases of sciatica","volume":"20","author":"Lindahl","year":"1951","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.47B3.574","article-title":"Auto-immune response to nucleus pulposus in the rabbit","volume":"47B","author":"Bobechko","year":"1965","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31200-1","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro inhibition of leucocyte migration in patients with intervertebral disc lesions","volume":"6","author":"Elves","year":"1975","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197711000-00007","article-title":"Degenerative disk disease of the lumbar spine: immunological implications","volume":"129","author":"Gertzbein","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197703000-00058","article-title":"The stimulation of lymphocytes by nucleus pulposus in patients with degenerative disk disease of the lumbar spine","volume":"123","author":"Gertzbein","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31201-3","article-title":"Autoimmunity in degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine","volume":"6","author":"Gertzbein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198710000-00009","article-title":"The inflammatory effect of nucleus pulposus. A possible element in the pathogenesis of low-back pain","volume":"12","author":"McCarron","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199503150-00006","article-title":"Inflammatogenic properties of nucleus pulposus","volume":"20","author":"Olmarker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199602010-00003","article-title":"Herniated lumbar intervertebral discs spontaneously produce matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2","volume":"21","author":"Kang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199812010-00006","article-title":"Acute effects of nucleus pulposus on blood flow and endoneurial fluid pressure in rat dorsal root ganglia","volume":"23","author":"Yabuki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib50","article-title":"Mechano- and chemosensitivity of lumbar dorsal roots and dorsal root ganglia: an in\u00a0vitro study","volume":"19","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200104150-00018","article-title":"Effect of nucleus pulposus on the neural activity of dorsal root ganglion","volume":"26","author":"Takebayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198906000-00003","article-title":"Edema formation in spinal nerve roots induced by experimental, graded compression. An experimental study on the pig cauda equina with special reference to differences in effects between rapid and slow onset of compression","volume":"14","author":"Olmarker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199408150-00003","article-title":"Effects of methylprednisolone on nucleus pulposus-induced nerve root injury","volume":"19","author":"Olmarker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"6 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199206001-00011","article-title":"Human disc phospholipase A2 is inflammatory","volume":"17","author":"Franson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199007000-00011","article-title":"High levels of inflammatory phospholipase A2 activity in lumbar disc herniations","volume":"15","author":"Saal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199705150-00002","article-title":"Effects of phospholipase A2 on lumbar nerve root structure and function","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199609150-00009","article-title":"Pathomechanism of pain-related behavior produced by allografts of intervertebral disc in the rat","volume":"21","author":"Kawakami","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib58","series-title":"The Difference in Nociceptive Potential of the Nucleus Pulposus and the Anulus Fibrosus","first-page":"209","author":"Kawakami","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199806000-00029","article-title":"Possible mechanism of painful radiculopathy in lumbar disc herniation","volume":"351","author":"Kawakami","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199709150-00001","article-title":"Phospholipase A2 activity in herniated lumbar discs. Clinical correlations and inhibition by piroxicam","volume":"22","author":"Piperno","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B2.0840196","article-title":"Intervertebral discs which cause low back pain secrete high levels of proinflammatory mediators","volume":"84","author":"Burke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1998.tb00607.x","article-title":"Warm and cold sensory thresholds in patients with unilateral sciatica: C fibers are more severely affected than A-delta fibers","volume":"97","author":"Zwart","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1986.tb03530.x","article-title":"Effect of tourniquet-induced ischemia on cutaneous thermal thresholds","volume":"74","author":"Kojo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.38.9.865","article-title":"Fibre function and perception during cutaneous nerve block","volume":"38","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1975","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199904150-00003","article-title":"Markers of nerve tissue injury in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with lumbar disc herniation and sciatica","volume":"24","author":"Brisby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(89)90175-6","article-title":"Human brain gangliosides: developmental changes from early fetal stage to advanced age","volume":"1005","author":"Svennerholm","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200110010-00016","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglia morphologic features in patients with herniation of the nucleus pulposus: assessment using magnetic resonance myelography and clinical correlation","volume":"26","author":"Aota","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200202150-00011","article-title":"Glycosphingolipid antibodies in serum in patients with sciatica","volume":"27","author":"Brisby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09684.x","article-title":"Antiglycolipid antibodies in motor neuropathies","volume":"845","author":"Baumann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200208010-00003","article-title":"Lumbar nerve root injury induces central nervous system neuroimmune activation and neuroinflammation in the rat: relationship to painful radiculopathy","volume":"27","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200004150-00006","article-title":"Herniated lumbar disc material as a source of free glutamate available to affect pain signals through the dorsal root ganglion","volume":"25","author":"Harrington","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195840060-00016","article-title":"Sciatica and the intervertebral disc; an experimental study","volume":"40-A","author":"Smyth","year":"1958","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib73","first-page":"21","article-title":"Surgical treatment of far lateral lumbar disc herniation: a safe and simple approach","volume":"2","author":"Al-Khawaja","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib74","first-page":"468","article-title":"The surgical treatment of far lateral lumbar disc herniation: 33 cases","volume":"80","author":"Celikoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199909150-00015","article-title":"Surgical treatment of far lateral lumbar disc herniation. Identification of compressed root and discectomy by lateral approach","volume":"24","author":"Gioia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib76","first-page":"415","article-title":"The efficacy of transforaminal epidural steroid injection by the conventional technique in far-lateral herniation of lumbar disc","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.08.064","article-title":"Chemical and mechanical nerve root insults induce differential behavioral sensitivity and glial activation that are enhanced in combination","volume":"1181","author":"Rothman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100306","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in patients with disc herniation and sciatica","volume":"11","author":"Brisby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000186316.38111.4b","article-title":"Spinal neuropeptide responses in persistent and transient pain following cervical nerve root injury","volume":"30","author":"Rothman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(01)00445-9","article-title":"Quantification of neural tissue injury in a rat radiculopathy model: comparison of local deformation, behavioral outcomes, and spinal cytokine mRNA for two surgeons","volume":"111","author":"Winkelstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03560-6","article-title":"Nerve root injury severity differentially modulates spinal glial activation in a rat lumbar radiculopathy model: considerations for persistent pain","volume":"956","author":"Winkelstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858409360822","article-title":"Glial cells and chronic pain","volume":"16","author":"Gosselin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib83","series-title":"Pain Arising from the Nerve Root and the Dorsal Root Ganglion","first-page":"187","author":"Devor","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib84","series-title":"Intraradicular edema formation as a basic factor in lumbar radiculopathy","author":"H Yoshizawa","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib85","series-title":"Mechanical and Biochemical Injury of Spinal Nerve Roots: An Experimental Perspective","first-page":"215","author":"Olmarker","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23314","article-title":"The role of sodium channels in chronic pain","volume":"46","author":"Levinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7640","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.7640","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of the potential role of the tetrodotoxin-insensitive sodium channels, PN3\/SNS and NaN\/SNS2, in rat models of chronic pain","volume":"96","author":"Porreca","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1358\/dnp.2002.15.10.740239","article-title":"The role of cytokines in the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain","volume":"15","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug News Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200211150-00026","article-title":"Physiology of chronic spinal pain syndromes: from animal models to biomechanics","volume":"27","author":"DeLeo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480689","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2480689","article-title":"Neuronal-glial interactions maintain chronic neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"2017","author":"Gwak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet128","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and the generation of neuropathic pain","volume":"111","author":"Ellis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875019311428?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875019311428?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T08:34:49Z","timestamp":1761813289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875019311428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["S1878875019311428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathologic Basis of Lumbar Radicular Pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.147","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}