{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:40:06Z","timestamp":1793410806513,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T02:22:28Z","timestamp":1562725348000},"page":"126-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":207,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Asma Akbar","family":"Ladak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Ather","family":"Enam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Talal","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12870","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2121-13.2013","article-title":"Glial scar borders are formed by newly proliferated, elongated astrocytes that interact to corral inflammatory and fibrotic cells via STAT3-dependent mechanisms after spinal cord injury","volume":"33","author":"Wanner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.06.002","article-title":"Information\/education page. Seizures and traumatic brain injury","volume":"95","author":"Englander","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021008","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026364","article-title":"The mechanics of traumatic brain injury: a review of what we know and what we need to know for reducing its societal burden","volume":"136","author":"Meaney","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.2741\/4426","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: a review of characteristics, molecular basis and management","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00269","article-title":"Temporal dysfunction in traumatic brain injury patients: primary or secondary impairment?","volume":"8","author":"Mioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2010.07.001","article-title":"Management strategies for severe closed head injuries in children","volume":"19","author":"Morrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-014-0062-0","article-title":"Normobaric hyperoxia is associated with increased cerebral excitotoxicity after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Quintard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8752-3","article-title":"Interactions of oxidative stress and neurovascular inflammation in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury","volume":"51","author":"Abdul-Muneer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx303","article-title":"Astrocyte-specific deletion of Sox2 promotes functional recovery after traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cer Cor"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.03.020","article-title":"Astrocyte roles in traumatic brain injury","volume":"275","author":"Burda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx350","article-title":"Concussion, microvascular injury, and early tauopathy in young athletes after impact head injury and an impact concussion mouse model","volume":"141","author":"Tagge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858415585108","article-title":"From molecular circuit dysfunction to disease: case studies in epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"Dulla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0586","article-title":"Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies","volume":"25","author":"Saatman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib14","first-page":"97","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury: etiology, clinical consequences, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Lozano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70084-4","article-title":"Spreading depolarisations and traumatic brain injury: time course and mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Tasker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4226","article-title":"Excitotoxicity and metabolic crisis are associated with spreading depolarizations in severe traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"33","author":"Hinzman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib17","first-page":"40","article-title":"Glutamate release and cerebral blood flow after severe human head injury","volume":"67","author":"Zauner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20183","article-title":"Mechanical strain injury increases intracellular sodium and reverses Na+\/Ca2+ exchange in cortical astrocytes","volume":"51","author":"Floyd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20292","article-title":"Mitochondrial permeability transition in CNS trauma: cause or effect of neuronal cell death?","volume":"79","author":"Sullivan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.09.025","article-title":"Attenuation of acute mitochondrial dysfunction after traumatic brain injury in mice by NIM811, a non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin A analog","volume":"209","author":"Mbye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02025.x","article-title":"Mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and mitochondrial-targeted multipotential therapeutic strategies","volume":"167","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.06.008","article-title":"Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury: opportunities for therapeutic intervention","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30057-6","article-title":"Characterisation of interface astroglial scarring in the human brain after blast exposure: a post-mortem case series","volume":"15","author":"Shively","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib25","first-page":"194720","article-title":"Toward personalized cell therapies: autologous menstrual blood cells for stroke","volume":"2011","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24830","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein as a pathological link between chronic traumatic brain injury and Parkinson's disease","volume":"230","author":"Acosta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00030","article-title":"Microglia activation as a biomarker for traumatic brain injury","volume":"4","author":"Hernandez-Ontiveros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053376","article-title":"Long-term upregulation of inflammation and suppression of cell proliferation in the brain of adult rats exposed to traumatic brain injury using the controlled cortical impact model","volume":"8","author":"Acosta","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-3872(14)60305-2","article-title":"Th1 cytokine-based immunotherapy for cancer","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.12.028","article-title":"Closed head injury\u2014an inflammatory disease?","volume":"48","author":"Schmidt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302793","article-title":"Inhibition of the membrane attack complex of the complement system reduces secondary neuroaxonal loss and promotes neurologic recovery after traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"192","author":"Fluiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150152725605","article-title":"Complement activation in the human brain after traumatic head injury","volume":"18","author":"Bellander","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.823562","article-title":"Role of fibrinogen in cerebrovascular dysfunction after traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"Muradashvili","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148001","article-title":"Call off the dog(ma): M1\/M2 polarization is concurrent following traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Morganti","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4268","article-title":"Microglial\/macrophage polarization dynamics following traumatic brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.06.062","article-title":"Temporal profile of M1 and M2 responses in the hippocampus following early 24h of neurotrauma","volume":"357","author":"Ansari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701311125","article-title":"Increased serum sFas and TNFalpha following isolated severe head injury in males","volume":"21","author":"Crespo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0b013e318123e64e","article-title":"Early versus late onset of multiple organ failure is associated with differing patterns of plasma cytokine biomarker expression and outcome after severe trauma","volume":"28","author":"Maier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000223127.41641.f4","article-title":"Delayed elevation of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors p75 and p55 in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after traumatic brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Maier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0405","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and nerve growth factor upregulation correlates with improved outcome in children with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"Chiaretti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94370","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094370","article-title":"Association between serum tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 levels and mortality in patients with severe brain trauma injury","volume":"9","author":"Lorente","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0911-z","article-title":"Serum substance P levels are associated with severity and mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Lorente","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2014.07.034","article-title":"Serum soluble CD40 Ligand levels are associated with severity and mortality of brain trauma injury patients","volume":"134","author":"Lorente","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12628","article-title":"IL-1beta associations with posttraumatic epilepsy development: a genetics and biomarker cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Diamond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1999.16.617","article-title":"TGF-beta is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe traumatic brain injuries and parallels blood-brain barrier function","volume":"16","author":"Morganti-Kossmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2009.08.017","article-title":"Inhibition of TGF-beta1 promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"65","author":"Kohta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7110142","article-title":"Biomarkers associated with the outcome of traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"7","author":"Lorente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0382-8","article-title":"Microglial neuroinflammation contributes to tau accumulation in chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"4","author":"Cherry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Comm"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.05.024","article-title":"Treatment of traumatic brain injury with anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"275","author":"Bergold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370312","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/370312","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and NADPH oxidase: a deep relationship","volume":"2015","author":"Angeloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104651","article-title":"Nox enzymes and new thinking on reactive oxygen: a double-edged sword revisited","volume":"9","author":"Lambeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12230","article-title":"Oxidative stress in neonatology: a review","volume":"49","author":"Mutinati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.08.027","article-title":"Puerarin ameliorates oxidative stress in a rodent model of traumatic brain injury","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.027","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation triggers neurodegeneration: a redox proteomics view into the Alzheimer disease brain","volume":"62","author":"Sultana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.08.026","article-title":"Neuroprotection in ischemia: blocking calcium-permeable acid-sensing ion channels","volume":"118","author":"Xiong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723060","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/723060","article-title":"Perspectives on molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant strategies in traumatic brain injury","volume":"2014","author":"Mendes Arent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100053415","article-title":"Lazaroid attenuates edema by stabilizing ATPase in the traumatized rat brain","volume":"30","author":"Durmaz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06749.x","article-title":"Mitochondrial protection after traumatic brain injury by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals","volume":"114","author":"Mustafa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540500380871","article-title":"Hemoglobin and heme scavenging","volume":"57","author":"Ascenzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1159\/000094168","article-title":"Oxidative stress in immature brain after traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Bayir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238485","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/238485","article-title":"Role of methylglyoxal in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2014","author":"Angeloni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8327-0","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein and neuronal cell death","volume":"47","author":"Yasuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.09.012","article-title":"The effect of NADPH-oxidase inhibitor apocynin on cognitive impairment induced by moderate lateral fluid percussion injury: role of inflammatory and oxidative brain damage","volume":"63","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18314","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606528103","article-title":"Apoptosis-inducing factor mediates poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer-induced cell death","volume":"103","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2174\/156652408784221315","article-title":"Programmed cell death mechanisms in neurological disease","volume":"8","author":"Bredesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9050-0","article-title":"Cell cycle activation and CNS injury","volume":"16","author":"Stoica","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.10.023","article-title":"Cell death mechanisms and modulation in traumatic brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Stoica","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.05.102","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evolution of apoptotic neurodegeneration following traumatic injury to the developing rat brain","volume":"1107","author":"Bayly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00089","article-title":"Neural circuit mechanisms of post-traumatic epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Hunt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-82","article-title":"Macrophagic and microglial responses after focal traumatic brain injury in the female rat","volume":"11","author":"Turtzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150325182702","article-title":"Oxidant\/antioxidant imbalance and the risk of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Moneim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4540-04.2005","article-title":"Prevention of Alzheimer's disease pathology by cannabinoids: neuroprotection mediated by blockade of microglial activation","volume":"25","author":"Ramirez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12248","article-title":"The neuropathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"25","author":"McKee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Patholy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181ee7d85","article-title":"TDP-43 proteinopathy and motor neuron disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"69","author":"McKee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.419945","article-title":"Parkin ubiquitinates Tar-DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) and promotes its cytosolic accumulation via interaction with histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)","volume":"288","author":"Hebron","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.83391","article-title":"Immunoexcitotoxicity as a central mechanism in chronic traumatic encephalopathy\u2014a unifying hypothesis","volume":"2","author":"Blaylock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.12.002","article-title":"Lysines, Achilles\u2019 heel in alpha-synuclein conversion to a deadly neuronal endotoxin","volume":"26","author":"Plotegher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187887501931945X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187887501931945X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T08:32:11Z","timestamp":1761813131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S187887501931945X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["S187887501931945X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}