{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T05:52:42Z","timestamp":1770529962365,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T20:59:26Z","timestamp":1588107566000},"page":"e10-e17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The Fluctuations of Blood Oxygen Level\u2013Dependent Signals as a Method of Brain Tumor Characterization: A Preliminary Report"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"142","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussam","family":"Metwali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathijs","family":"Raemaekers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamer","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Samii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2482071214","article-title":"Presurgical functional MR imaging of language and motor functions: validation with intraoperative electrocortical mapping","volume":"248","author":"Bizzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib2","first-page":"238","article-title":"Intraoperative validation of functional magnetic resonance imaging and cortical reorganization patterns in patients with brain tumors involving the primary motor cortex","volume":"91","author":"Fandino","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib3","first-page":"1529","article-title":"Location of language in the cortex: a comparison between functional MR imaging and electrocortical stimulation","volume":"18","author":"FitzGerald","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1025","article-title":"Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum: fMRI evidence of somatotopic organization","volume":"13","author":"Grodd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib5","first-page":"314","article-title":"Impairment of preoperative language mapping by lesion location: a functional magnetic resonance imaging, navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation, and direct cortical stimulation study","volume":"123","author":"Ille","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib6","first-page":"727810","article-title":"Preoperative evaluation with FMRI of patients with intracranial gliomas","volume":"2012","author":"Kapsalakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiol Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2011.01.004","article-title":"Special surgical considerations for functional brain mapping","volume":"22","author":"Kekhia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001226","article-title":"Three-tesla functional MR language mapping: comparison with direct cortical stimulation in gliomas","volume":"84","author":"Kuchcinski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib9","first-page":"589","article-title":"Correspondence between functional magnetic resonance imaging somatotopy and individual brain anatomy of the central region: comparison with intraoperative stimulation in patients with brain tumors","volume":"92","author":"Lehericy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1624-1","article-title":"Validation of functional motor and language MRI with direct cortical stimulation","volume":"155","author":"Meier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib11","first-page":"294","article-title":"Effect of focal and nonfocal cerebral lesions on functional connectivity studied with MR imaging","volume":"22","author":"Quigley","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib12","first-page":"226","article-title":"Preoperative sensorimotor mapping in brain tumor patients using spontaneous fluctuations in neuronal activity imaged with functional magnetic resonance imaging: initial experience","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22231","article-title":"Defining language networks from resting-state fMRI for surgical planning\u2014a feasibility study","volume":"35","author":"Tie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws041","article-title":"Motor deficits correlate with resting state motor network connectivity in patients with brain tumours","volume":"135","author":"Otten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2008.11.002","article-title":"Preoperative localization of the sensorimotor area using independent component analysis of resting-state fMRI","volume":"27","author":"Kokkonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22167","article-title":"Resting functional connectivity in patients with brain tumors in eloquent areas","volume":"69","author":"Martino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.266","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity in neurosurgical patients under propofol anesthesia: detectability and variability between patients and between sessions","volume":"125","author":"Metwali","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.073","article-title":"Seed-based connectivity analysis of resting-state fMRI in patients with brain tumors: a practical approach","volume":"128","author":"Metwali","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2483071280","article-title":"Effect of age and tumor grade on BOLD functional MR imaging in preoperative assessment of patients with glioma","volume":"248","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36522","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36522","article-title":"Characterizing the blood oxygen level-dependent fluctuations in musculoskeletal tumours using functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"6","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib21","first-page":"13759","article-title":"Correlation between BOLD-MRI and HIF expression level in renal carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24846","article-title":"Correlations of noninvasive BOLD and TOLD MRI with pO2 and relevance to tumor radiation response","volume":"71","author":"Hallac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18453-0","article-title":"Tumor tissue detection using blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional mri based on independent component analysis","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1018","article-title":"Characterizing evoked hemodynamics with fMRI","volume":"2","author":"Friston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/421719","article-title":"Stereotaxic display of brain lesions","volume":"12","author":"Rorden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-007-9001-y","article-title":"REX: response exploration for neuroimaging datasets","volume":"5","author":"Duff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0243-4","article-title":"The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system","volume":"114","author":"Louis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9868","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation","volume":"87","author":"Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(93)81441-3","article-title":"Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison of signal characteristics with a biophysical model","volume":"64","author":"Ogawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1326","article-title":"The blood oxygen level-dependent functional MR imaging signal can be used to identify brain tumors and distinguish them from normal tissue","volume":"30","author":"Feldman","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1002","article-title":"The role of vessel maturation and vessel functionality in spontaneous fluctuations of T2\u2217-weighted GRE signal within tumors","volume":"19","author":"Baudelet","year":"2006","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-4296(98)80040-4","article-title":"Concepts of oxygen transport at the microcirculatory level","volume":"8","author":"Dewhirst","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib34","first-page":"S247","article-title":"Microvascular studies on the origins of perfusion-limited hypoxia","volume":"27","author":"Dewhirst","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Cancer Suppl"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib35","first-page":"H1822","article-title":"Fluctuations in microvascular blood flow parameters caused by hemodynamic mechanisms","volume":"266","author":"Kiani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-2862(02)00012-2","article-title":"A\u00a0model for temporal heterogeneities of tumor blood flow","volume":"65","author":"Mollica","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1996.0025","article-title":"Intussusceptive microvascular growth in a human colon adenocarcinoma xenograft: a novel mechanism of tumor angiogenesis","volume":"51","author":"Patan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib38","first-page":"214","article-title":"Glial tumor grading and outcome prediction using dynamic spin-echo MR susceptibility mapping compared with conventional contrast-enhanced MR: confounding effect of elevated rCBV of oligodendrogliomas [corrected]","volume":"25","author":"Lev","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib39","first-page":"105","article-title":"Cerebral blood volume mapping by MR imaging in the initial evaluation of brain tumors","volume":"29","author":"Kremer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000219767.49705.9c","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of spectroscopic and perfusion MRI for distinction of brain tumors","volume":"66","author":"Weber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(03)00097-3","article-title":"H-MRS metabolic patterns for distinguishing between meningiomas and other brain tumors","volume":"21","author":"Cho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2413051276","article-title":"Malignant astrocytic tumors: clinical importance of apparent diffusion coefficient in prediction of grade and prognosis","volume":"241","author":"Higano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2432060493","article-title":"Intraaxial brain masses: MR imaging-based diagnostic strategy\u2014initial experience","volume":"243","author":"Al-Okaili","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10315","article-title":"Automated classification of short echo time in in vivo 1H brain tumor spectra: a multicenter study","volume":"49","author":"Tate","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib45","first-page":"1696","article-title":"Brain tumor classification by proton MR spectroscopy: comparison of diagnostic accuracy at short and long TE","volume":"25","author":"Majos","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1321","article-title":"Tumour grading from magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a comparison of feature extraction with variable selection","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21736","article-title":"Predictive modeling in glioma grading from MR perfusion images using support vector machines","volume":"60","author":"Emblem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2006.889702","article-title":"Bagging linear sparse Bayesian learning models for variable selection in cancer diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2007.10.007","article-title":"Improving brain tumor characterization on MRI by probabilistic neural networks and non-linear transformation of textural features","volume":"89","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2004.11.003","article-title":"Degree prediction of malignancy in brain glioma using support vector machines","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2004.12.007","article-title":"The use of multivariate MR imaging intensities versus metabolic data from MR spectroscopic imaging for brain tumour classification","volume":"173","author":"Devos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Magn Reson"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187887502030841X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187887502030841X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T08:42:29Z","timestamp":1761813749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S187887502030841X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S187887502030841X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Fluctuations of Blood Oxygen Level\u2013Dependent Signals as a Method of Brain Tumor Characterization: A Preliminary Report","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.134","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}