{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:37:52Z","timestamp":1761824272690,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T02:32:05Z","timestamp":1603420325000},"page":"e336-e340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Load Sharing and Endplate Pressure Distribution in Anterior Interbody Fusion Influenced by Graft Choice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Kieran","family":"McCaffrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miles H.","family":"McCaffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1643-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vedran","family":"Lovric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph J.","family":"Mobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5023-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William R.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Lumbar interbody fusion: techniques, indications and comparison of interbody fusion options including PLIF, TLIF, MI-TLIF, OLIF\/ATP, LLIF and ALIF","volume":"1","author":"Mobbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0657-5","article-title":"Anterior cervical fusion with polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages in the treatment of degenerative disc disease. Preliminary observations in 36 consecutive cases with a minimum 12-month follow-up","volume":"148","author":"Mastronardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-003-0539-6","article-title":"Subsidence of stand-alone cervical cages in anterior interbody fusion: warning","volume":"12","author":"Gercek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.5.SPINE16427","article-title":"Graft subsidence as a predictor of revision surgery following stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"28","author":"Tempel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2017.11.018","article-title":"Incidence and impact of implant subsidence after stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"104","author":"Bocahut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0510051","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4036312","article-title":"Interbody spacer material properties and design conformity for reducing subsidence during lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"139","author":"Chatham","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076843","article-title":"Influences of endplate removal and bone mineral density on the biomechanical properties of lumbar spine","volume":"8","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000143623.18098.e5","article-title":"A\u00a0biomechanical study of regional endplate strength and cage morphology as it relates to structural interbody support","volume":"29","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000155419.24198.35","article-title":"Interbody device shape and size are important to strengthen the vertebra\u2013implant interface","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003194","article-title":"Does lumbar interbody cage size influence subsidence? A biomechanical study","volume":"45","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2001.10.4.3","article-title":"Biomechanics of bone fusion","volume":"10","author":"Kowalski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-16-00390","article-title":"The effect of cervical interbody cage morphology, material composition, and substrate density on cage subsidence","volume":"25","author":"Suh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2000.93.2.0259","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro biomechanical investigation of the stability and stress-shielding effect of lumbar interbody fusion devices","volume":"93","author":"Kanayama","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E992","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000250177.84168.ba","article-title":"Biomechanical rationale for using polyetheretherketone (PEEK) spacers for lumbar interbody fusion-a finite element study","volume":"31","author":"Vadapalli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000172160.78207.49","article-title":"Analysis of stress distribution in lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-11-31","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of three surgical scenarios of posterior lumbar interbody fusion by finite element analysis","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib17","first-page":"873","article-title":"The finite element analysis of polyetheretherketone\/hydroxyapatite\/carbon fiber cage","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200210010-00005","article-title":"Load transfer mechanisms in cylindrical interbody cage constructs","volume":"27","author":"Palm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.07.022","article-title":"The effect of sterilization methods on the osteoconductivity of allograft bone in a critical-sized bilateral tibial defect model in rabbits","volume":"34","author":"Russell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-012-9318-0","article-title":"The effect of sterilization on the mechanical properties of intact rabbit humeri in three-point bending, four-point bending and torsion","volume":"14","author":"Russell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12259","article-title":"Evolution of design of interbody cages for anterior lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"8","author":"Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11465-012-0335-2","article-title":"Analysis of spinal lumbar interbody fusion cage subsidence using Taguchi method, finite element analysis, and artificial neural network","volume":"7","author":"Nassau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Mech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00235-4","article-title":"Effect of bone graft characteristics on the mechanical behavior of the lumbar spine","volume":"35","author":"Zander","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12098","article-title":"Spine interbody implants: material selection and modification, functionalization and bioactivation of surfaces to improve osseointegration","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-003-0556-5","article-title":"The importance of the endplate for interbody cages in the lumbar spine","volume":"12","author":"Polikeit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-220","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of anterior lumbar interbody fusion: stand-alone interbody cage versus interbody cage with pedicle screw fixation-a finite element analysis","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31820ef778","article-title":"The effects of design and positioning of carbon fiber lumbar interbody cages and their subsidence in vertebral bodies","volume":"25","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.195","article-title":"Analysis of a unilateral bridging cage for lumbar interbody fusion: 2-year clinical results and fusion rate with a focus on subsidence","volume":"116","author":"von der Hoeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-010-1055-x","article-title":"Design and finite-element evaluation of a versatile assembled lumbar interbody fusion cage","volume":"130","author":"Ding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E682","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000232714.72699.8e","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion with one or two cages by finite element analysis","volume":"31","author":"Chiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.06.015","article-title":"Bilateral pedicle screw fixation provides superior biomechanical stability in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a finite element study","volume":"15","author":"Ambati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.06.024","article-title":"Computational analyses of different intervertebral cages for lumbar spinal fusion","volume":"48","author":"Bashkuev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI.2008.9.11.444","article-title":"Anterior cervical fusion: a biomechanical comparison of 4 techniques","volume":"9","author":"Galbusera","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-88","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of a new stand-alone anterior lumbar interbody fusion cage with established fixation techniques\u2013a three-dimensional finite element analysis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.03.003","article-title":"The effect of interbody fusion cage design on the stability of the instrumented spine in response to cyclic loading: an experimental study","volume":"18","author":"Alkalay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1158","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002158","article-title":"Does spanning a lateral lumbar interbody cage across the vertebral ring apophysis increase loads required for failure and mitigate endplate violation","volume":"42","author":"Briski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4042181","article-title":"The effects of bone microstructure on subsidence risk for ALIF, LLIF, PLIF, and TLIF spine cages","volume":"141","author":"Palepu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12283","article-title":"Anterior lumbar interbody fusion integrated screw cages: intrinsic load generation, subsidence, and torsional stability","volume":"9","author":"Assem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4046584","article-title":"Subsidence of additively-manufactured cages in foam substrates: Effect of contact topology","volume":"142","author":"Collino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.04.006","article-title":"The effect of sterilization on the dynamic mechanical properties of paired rabbit cortical bone","volume":"46","author":"Russell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"year":"1986","author":"Wolff","series-title":"The Law of Bone Remodelling","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib41"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138584","article-title":"Wolff\u2019s law of trabecular architecture at remodeling equilibrium","volume":"108","author":"Cowin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib43","first-page":"175","article-title":"Wolff\u2019s law and bone\u2019s structural adaptations to mechanical usage: an overview for clinicians","volume":"64","author":"Frost","year":"1994","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2002.96.3.0321","article-title":"Influence of cage design on interbody fusion in a sheep cervical spine model","volume":"96","author":"Kandziora","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.004","article-title":"Load-sharing through elastic micro-motion accelerates bone formation and interbody fusion","volume":"18","author":"Ledet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199902000-00007","article-title":"Anterior cervical graft and plate load sharing","volume":"12","author":"Rapoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.11.012","article-title":"Comparison of cage application modality in posterior lumbar interbody fusion with posterior instrumentation\u2014a finite element study","volume":"31","author":"Tsuang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.02.016","article-title":"Finite element model predicts the biomechanical performance of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with various porous additive manufactured cages","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411911415198","article-title":"Replicating interbody device subsidence with lumbar vertebrae surrogates","volume":"225","author":"Au","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00057-8","article-title":"Yield strain behavior of trabecular bone","volume":"31","author":"Kopperdahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198701000-00011","article-title":"A\u00a0study of the compressive properties of lumbar vertebral trabeculae: effects of tissue characteristics","volume":"12","author":"Hansson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00011-2","article-title":"Dependence of yield strain of human trabecular bone on anatomic site","volume":"34","author":"Morgan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200104150-00021","article-title":"Effect of endplate conditions and bone mineral density on the compressive strength of the graft\u2013endplate interface in anterior cervical spine fusion","volume":"26","author":"Lim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"volume":"Vol. 1","year":"2005","author":"Benzel","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib54"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000060259.94427.11","article-title":"Effects of endplate removal on the structural properties of the lower lumbar vertebral bodies","volume":"28","author":"Oxland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200104150-00012","article-title":"Mapping the structural properties of the lumbosacral vertebral endplates","volume":"26","author":"Grant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2015.1043906","article-title":"Intervertebral reaction force prediction using an enhanced assembly of OpenSim models","volume":"19","author":"Senteler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875020322762?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875020322762?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T09:03:29Z","timestamp":1761815009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875020322762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S1878875020322762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1878-8750"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Load Sharing and Endplate Pressure Distribution in Anterior Interbody Fusion Influenced by Graft Choice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.084","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}