{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:30:00Z","timestamp":1793107800000,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T18:16:15Z","timestamp":1604340975000},"page":"e639-e650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The Surgical Resection of Brainstem Glioma: Outcomes and Prognostic Factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Harrison","family":"Faulkner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Arnaout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reid","family":"Hoshide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella M.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacky T.","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2330-1848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"Sughrue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib1","series-title":"Neurosurgery of Infancy and Childhood","article-title":"Tumors of the Posterior Fossa","author":"Matson","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib2","series-title":"Brainstem Tumors","author":"Choux","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib3","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Magnetic resonance scans should replace biopsies for the diagnosis of diffuse brain stem gliomas: a report from the Children's Cancer Group","volume":"33","author":"Albright","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib4","first-page":"408","article-title":"Brain-stem glioma growth patterns","volume":"78","author":"Epstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-003-0870-6","article-title":"Brainstem gliomas","volume":"20","author":"Jallo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.11.010","article-title":"A\u00a0new classification of complications in neurosurgery","volume":"75","author":"Landriel Iba\u00f1ez","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000121010","article-title":"Radiologic classification of brain stem tumors: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging appearance with clinical outcome","volume":"24","author":"Fischbein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib8","first-page":"11","article-title":"Intrinsic brain-stem tumors of childhood: surgical indications","volume":"64","author":"Epstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198303000-00008","article-title":"Pediatric brain stem tumors: radiographic, pathological, and clinical correlations","volume":"12","author":"Berger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib10","first-page":"745","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of pediatric brain-stem gliomas","volume":"65","author":"Stroink","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib11","first-page":"751","article-title":"Prognostic factors in pediatric brain-stem gliomas","volume":"65","author":"Albright","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198703000-00014","article-title":"Transependymal benign dorsally exophytic brain stem gliomas in childhood: diagnosis and treatment recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Stroink","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000120511","article-title":"Brain stem gliomas: a classification system based on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"16","author":"Barkovich","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.79.6.0845","article-title":"Surgical management of brain-stem tumors in children: Results and statistical analysis of 75 cases","volume":"79","author":"Pierre-Khan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(97)00125-0","article-title":"Surgical treatment of solid brain stem tumors in adults: a report of 22 cases","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surgical Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1053\/oy.2000.6559","article-title":"Surgical management of intrinsic brain stem gliomas","volume":"3","author":"Bricolo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Operative Techniques in Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-004-0339-8","article-title":"Radical resection for intrinsic midbrain pilocytic astrocytoma: Report of two cases. A","volume":"147","author":"Miyamato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.53272","article-title":"Surgical considerations for \u201cintrinsic\u201d brainstem gliomas: Proposal of a modification in classification","volume":"57","author":"Mehta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2137-1","article-title":"Brain stem tumors in children and adolescents: single institutional experience","volume":"29","author":"Garzon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2799-y","article-title":"Surgical approaches for brainstem tumors in pediatric patients","volume":"31","author":"Cavalheiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.11.PEDS12317","article-title":"Management and outcome of focal low-grade brainstem tumors in pediatric patients: the St. Jude experience","volume":"11","author":"Klimo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000075260","article-title":"Surgical outcome following resection of contrast-enhanced pediatric brainstem gliomas","volume":"39","author":"Lesniak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000056021","article-title":"Brainstem gliomas. A 10-year institutional review","volume":"34","author":"Farmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma of the brainstem in children","volume":"101","author":"Kestle","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0083-x","article-title":"Diffuse and focal brain stem tumors in childhood: prognostic factors and surgical outcome","volume":"22","author":"Sandri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690500145530","article-title":"Intrinsic brainstem tumours in adults: results of microneurosurgical treatment of 16 consecutive patients","volume":"19","author":"Mursch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20001001)89:7<1569::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"A\u00a0clinicopathologic reappraisal of brain stem tumor classification","volume":"89","author":"Fisher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib28","first-page":"740","article-title":"Long-term outcome of 89 low-grade brain-stem gliomas after interstitial radiation therapy","volume":"75","author":"Mundinger","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2016.00180","article-title":"Brainstem glioma in adults","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2005.05.015","article-title":"Paediatric brainstem gliomas: prognostic factors and management","volume":"13","author":"Mauffrey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.9.PEDS1167","article-title":"Correlation among magnetic resonance imaging findings, prognostic factors for survival, and histological diagnosis of intrinsic brainstem lesions in children","volume":"8","author":"Dellaretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-008-0647-z","article-title":"Radical resection of focal brainstem gliomas: is it worth doing?","volume":"24","author":"Teo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1471-9","article-title":"Malignant brainstem gliomas in adults: clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors","volume":"119","author":"Babu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-008-9545-1","article-title":"Prognostic factors in adult brainstem gliomas: a multicenter, retrospective analysis of 101 cases","volume":"88","author":"Kesari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1053\/oy.2000.6565","article-title":"Surgical management of cervicomedullary and dorsally exophytic brain stem tumors","volume":"3","author":"Jallo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Operative Techniques in Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib36","first-page":"859","article-title":"The long-term outcome after surgical treatment of dorsally exophytic brain-stem gliomas","volume":"78","author":"Pollack","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000120759","article-title":"Predominance of pilocytic histology in dorsally exophytic brain stem tumors","volume":"20","author":"Khatib","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(97)00572-5","article-title":"Pediatric brain stem gliomas: a review","volume":"40","author":"Freeman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.03.009","article-title":"Brainstem gliomas\u2013retrospective analysis of 86 patients","volume":"281","author":"Ueoka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib40","first-page":"585","article-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","volume":"105","author":"Laigle-Donadey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000317304.31579.17","article-title":"Extent of resection and survival in glioblastoma multiforme: identification of and adjustment for bias","volume":"62","author":"Stummer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.11.009","article-title":"Pilocytic astrocytoma: A retrospective study of 32 cases","volume":"115","author":"Cyrine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010070088","article-title":"Factors influencing surgical complications of intra-axial brain tumours","volume":"142","author":"Brell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100041184","article-title":"Complications of first craniotomy for intra-axial brain tumour","volume":"21","author":"Cabantog","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875020323494?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875020323494?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T08:51:23Z","timestamp":1761814283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875020323494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S1878875020323494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Surgical Resection of Brainstem Glioma: Outcomes and Prognostic Factors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.147","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}