{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:35:07Z","timestamp":1792157707644,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007812","name":"University of Washington","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007812","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T02:06:41Z","timestamp":1612145201000},"page":"e803-e820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The Global Burden of Neural Tube Defects and Disparities in Neurosurgical Care"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2119-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Yacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Foote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Scullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassidy","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1913-3677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansour","family":"Mathkour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5760-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuong J.","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron S.","family":"Dumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23529","article-title":"A\u00a02015 global update on folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly","volume":"106","author":"Arth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911113412006","article-title":"Neural-tube defects","volume":"341","author":"Botto","year":"1999","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E20","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.7.FOCUS18231","article-title":"Reducing inequities in preventable neural tube defects: the critical and underutilized role of neurosurgical advocacy for folate fortification","volume":"45","author":"Estevez-Ordonez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1366","article-title":"A\u00a02017 global update on folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly","volume":"110","author":"Kancherla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23100","article-title":"Proportion of neural tube defects attributable to known risk factors","volume":"97","author":"Agopian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.S1.1146","article-title":"Do multivitamin supplements attenuate the risk for diabetes-associated birth defects?","volume":"111","author":"Correa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g4554","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4554","article-title":"Population red blood cell folate concentrations for prevention of neural tube defects: Bayesian model","volume":"349","author":"Crider","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062012-170354","article-title":"Neural tube defects","volume":"37","author":"Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8221","article-title":"Exposure to fumonisins and the occurrence of neural tube defects along the Texas-Mexico border","volume":"114","author":"Missmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000152903.55579.15","article-title":"Maternal hyperthermia and the risk for neural tube defects in offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Moretti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35438","article-title":"Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"158A","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R113","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp347","article-title":"Genetics of human neural tube defects","volume":"18","author":"Greene","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20333","article-title":"Mouse mutants with neural tube closure defects and their role in understanding human neural tube defects","volume":"79","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35552","article-title":"Maternal and infant gene-folate interactions and the risk of neural tube defects","volume":"158A","author":"Etheredge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-10-49","article-title":"118 SNPs of folate-related genes and risks of spina bifida and conotruncal heart defects","volume":"10","author":"Shaw","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0182099","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182099","article-title":"Large-scale wheat flour folic acid fortification program increases plasma folate levels among women of reproductive age in urban Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Noor","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1492-8","article-title":"Economic burden of neural tube defects and impact of prevention with folic acid: a literature review","volume":"170","author":"Yi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2010.07.009","article-title":"Children with spina bifida: key clinical issues","volume":"57","author":"Sandler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib19","series-title":"Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery","first-page":"1506","article-title":"Encephaloceles, meningoceles, and cranial dermal sinus tracts","author":"Sandler","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13548","article-title":"Estimates of global and regional prevalence of neural tube defects for 2015: a systematic analysis","volume":"1414","author":"Blencowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012003576","article-title":"Impact of folic acid fortification of flour on neural tube defects: a systematic review [published correction appears in Public Health Nutr. 2013 Aug;16(8):1527]","volume":"16","author":"Castillo-Lancellotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-016-4032-y","article-title":"Termination of pregnancy after prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida: a German perspective","volume":"294","author":"Domr\u00f6se","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog1798.2015","article-title":"The outcome and course of pregnancies complicated with fetal neural tube defects","volume":"42","author":"Steric","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15007","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.7","article-title":"Spina bifida","volume":"1","author":"Copp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014379","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele","volume":"364","author":"Adzick","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2012.10.003","article-title":"Fetal surgery for spina bifida: past, present, future","volume":"22","author":"Adzick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.4.PEDS18770","article-title":"Intrauterine closure of myelomeningocele is associated with superior long-term quality of life than postnatal closure: a single-center study [published online ahead of print, 2019 May 17]","volume":"24","author":"Mummareddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.12.048","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: the unmet need","volume":"88","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.01.029","article-title":"Neurosurgical care: availability and access in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"112","author":"Punchak","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.07.102","article-title":"Assessing barriers to neurosurgical care in Sub-Saharan Africa: the role of resources and infrastructure","volume":"98","author":"Sader","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.9.PEDS17436","article-title":"Geographic proximity to specialized pediatric neurosurgical care in the contiguous United States","volume":"21","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: the current capacity and deficit in the provision of essential neurosurgical care. Executive summary of the Global Neurosurgery Initiative at the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change","author":"Dewan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096_bib33","first-page":"1","article-title":"The global neurosurgical workforce: a mixed-methods assessment of density and growth","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875021001273?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875021001273?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T08:51:54Z","timestamp":1761814314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875021001273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S1878875021001273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Global Burden of Neural Tube Defects and Disparities in Neurosurgical Care","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.096","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}