{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:06:37Z","timestamp":1791223597832,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T12:14:49Z","timestamp":1649247289000},"page":"212-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Adult Patients with Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3632-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3301","article-title":"Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury: consensus on conceptual definition, nomenclature, and diagnostic criteria","volume":"31","author":"Baguley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30259-4","article-title":"Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: the storm after acute brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Meyfroidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib3","first-page":"538","article-title":"Risk factors related to dysautonomia after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"71","author":"Lv","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.155757","article-title":"Clinical outcome and cost effectiveness of early tracheostomy in isolated severe head injury patients","volume":"6","author":"Shamim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-016-2934-x","article-title":"Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"158","author":"Mathew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701687375","article-title":"The incidence of dysautonomia and its relationship with autonomic arousal following traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Baguley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00081","article-title":"Identification and management of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.67.1.39","article-title":"Dysautonomia after traumatic brain injury: a forgotten syndrome?","volume":"67","author":"Baguley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1391","article-title":"Prognostic influence and magnetic resonance imaging findings in paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"Lv","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib11","series-title":"Evidence Reports\/Technology Assessments, No. 104","article-title":"Celiac Disease","author":"Rostom","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005076","article-title":"Admission features associated with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after traumatic brain injury: a case-control study","volume":"49","author":"Podell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.101","article-title":"Tracheostomy as a risk factor for paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1482002","article-title":"Incidence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity following traumatic brain injury using assessment tools","volume":"32","author":"Samuel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.10.018","article-title":"The use of the PSH-AM in patients with diffuse axonal injury and autonomic dysregulation: a cohort study and review","volume":"49","author":"Eijck","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1399-y","article-title":"Influence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) on the functional outcome of neurological early rehabilitation patients: a case control study","volume":"19","author":"Totikov","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1179\/016164107X240071","article-title":"Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in the neurological intensive care unit","volume":"29","author":"Rabinstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000271","article-title":"Early fever as a predictor of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Hinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib19","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Dysautonomia and clinical outcome in vegetative state","volume":"38","author":"Dolce","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7302","article-title":"Predicting outcome of acquired brain injury by the evolution of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity signs","volume":"38","author":"Lucca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000084","article-title":"Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in pediatric rehabilitation: clinical factors and acute pharmacological management","volume":"30","author":"Pozzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001811","article-title":"Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after severe traumatic brain injury in children: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome","volume":"20","author":"Alofisan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-015-0124-y","article-title":"Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in critically ill children with encephalitis and meningoencephalitis","volume":"23","author":"Farias-Moeller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22066","article-title":"A\u00a0review of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury","volume":"68","author":"Perkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1954.03690190092039","article-title":"Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain","volume":"155","author":"Herbert","year":"1954","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050310001645775","article-title":"Pharmacological management of dysautonomia following traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Baguley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000104","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and \u03b2-blockers: not all drugs are created equal","volume":"76","author":"Schroeppel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.096388","article-title":"Gabapentin in the management of dysautonomia following severe traumatic brain injury: a case series","volume":"78","author":"Baguley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2010.0444","article-title":"Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (sympathetic storm) in a patient with permanent vegetative state","volume":"14","author":"Levy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Palliat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1568","article-title":"Rectal propranolol controls paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: a case report pharmacotherapy","volume":"35","author":"May","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/01376517-200402000-00002","article-title":"Riding out the storm: sympathetic storming after traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Lemke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.589797","article-title":"Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury: a review of diagnostic criteria","volume":"25","author":"Perkes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-014-0494-0","article-title":"Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after severe brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Lump","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.04.037","article-title":"The excitatory:inhibitory ratio model (EIR model): an integrative explanation of acute autonomic overactivity syndromes","volume":"70","author":"Baguley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-007-9021-3","article-title":"A\u00a0critical review of the pathophysiology of dysautonomia following traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","author":"Baguley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.587082","article-title":"A\u00a0machine learning enhanced mechanistic simulation framework for functional deficit prediction in TBI","volume":"9","author":"Schroder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib37","series-title":"Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences","author":"Daroff","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-752","article-title":"Diagnostic challenge of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) associated with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in head trauma","volume":"3","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182127baa","article-title":"Diffuse axonal injury in patients with head injuries: an epidemiologic and prognosis study of 124 cases","volume":"71","author":"Chelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib40","first-page":"207","article-title":"Association between paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity and tracheostomy weaning in traumatic brain injury","volume":"42","author":"Ringrose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib41","first-page":"178","article-title":"Diffuse axonal injury: epidemiology, outcome and associated risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Almeida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic Brain injury, Fourth edition","volume":"80","author":"Carney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04322.x","article-title":"Dysautonomia after pediatric brain injury","volume":"54","author":"Kirk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy155","article-title":"The impact of comorbidity on the quality of life of people with dementia: findings from the IDEAL study","volume":"48","author":"Nelis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0187600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187600","article-title":"Abnormal brain white matter microstructure is associated with both pre-hypertension and hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Hideaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2007.27.1.30","article-title":"Sympathetic storming after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"Lemke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199910000-00006","article-title":"Causes and complications associated with swallowing disorders in traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Morgan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Head Trauma Rehabil"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875022004351?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875022004351?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T09:07:39Z","timestamp":1761815259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875022004351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S1878875022004351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Adult Patients with Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.141","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}