{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:05:21Z","timestamp":1791936321930,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T08:11:21Z","timestamp":1678349481000},"page":"e755-e765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Investigation of Factors Contributing to Racial Differences in Sport-Related Concussion Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"173","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8585-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan R.","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan Z.","family":"Grusky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9712-4020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian Q.","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine S.","family":"Hajdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9338-7579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Bonfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2951-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott L.","family":"Zuckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5989-3064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Yengo-Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000451","article-title":"Sports-related concussion in children and adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Refakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.08.023","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of self-reported concussion among adolescents involved in competitive sports: a National U.S. Study","volume":"64","author":"Veliz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097729","article-title":"Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Iverson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.9.PEDS13257","article-title":"Effect of sex on symptoms and return to baseline in sport-related concussion","volume":"13","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000808","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and outcome after concussion: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5443","article-title":"Preinjury migraine history as a risk factor for prolonged return to school and sports following concussion","volume":"36","author":"Terry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.3.PEDS1850","article-title":"The role of family and personal psychiatric history in postconcussion syndrome following sport-related concussion: a story of compounding risk","volume":"22","author":"Legarreta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183820","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.3820","article-title":"Natural progression of symptom change and recovery from concussion in a pediatric population","volume":"173","author":"Ledoux","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.1.PEDS16611","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and outcomes after sport-related concussion: a preliminary investigation","volume":"19","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the outcomes and experiences of Black and White athletes following a sport-related concussion: a retrospective cohort study","author":"Yengo-Kahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djab062","article-title":"Association of health-care system with prostate cancer-specific mortality in African American and non-Hispanic white men","volume":"113","author":"Klebaner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000001018","article-title":"The clinical epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 in children and adolescents mirrors the widening gap in healthcare disparities","volume":"33","author":"Zirinsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-021-03738-2","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities among children with primary central nervous system tumors in the US","volume":"152","author":"Nieblas-Bedolla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.9260","article-title":"Racial bias in health care and health: challenges and opportunities","volume":"314","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib15","series-title":"The State of High School Sports in America: An Evaluation of the Nation\u2019s Most Popular Extracurricular Activity","author":"Veliz","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acq068","article-title":"Exploring differences in computerized neurocognitive concussion testing between African American and White athletes","volume":"25","author":"Kontos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-017-0437-y","article-title":"Factors contributing to disparities in baseline neurocognitive performance and concussion symptom scores between Black and white collegiate athletes","volume":"5","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520946753","article-title":"Disparities on baseline performance using neurocognitive and oculomotor clinical measures of concussion","volume":"48","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00690","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in emergency department utilization and diagnosis for sports-related head injuries","volume":"10","author":"Lyons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Cnc68","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc-2019-0010","article-title":"Characteristics of youth who leave the emergency department without being seen following sports-related concussion","volume":"4","author":"Deichman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Concussion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1740942","article-title":"Sex, race, ADHD, and prior concussions as predictors of concussion recovery in adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097878","article-title":"5th international conference on concussion in sport (Berlin)","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512455400","article-title":"A\u00a0revised factor structure for the post-concussion symptom scale: baseline and postconcussion factors","volume":"40","author":"Kontos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib26","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package \u2018dagitty\u2019","volume":"45","author":"Textor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001073","article-title":"Early symptom burden predicts recovery after sport-related concussion","volume":"83","author":"Meehan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding racial differences in computerized neurocognitive test performance and symptom-reporting to deliver culturally competent patient-centered care for sport-related concussion","author":"Wallace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.2.PEDS2025","article-title":"Association of time to initial clinic visit with prolonged recovery in pediatric patients with concussion","volume":"26","author":"Eagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000672","article-title":"Assessing differences in concussion symptom knowledge and sources of information among Black and white collegiate-athletes","volume":"36","author":"Wallace","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000823","article-title":"Disparities in adherence to concussion clinical care recommendations in a pediatric population","volume":"38","author":"Mohammed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2020.09.007","article-title":"Racial disparities in parent knowledge of concussion and recognition of signs and symptoms","volume":"75","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Safety Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-017-0361-1","article-title":"Racial disparities in concussion knowledge and symptom recognition in American adolescent athletes","volume":"5","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00864-x","article-title":"The underreporting of concussion: differences between Black and white high school athletes likely Stemming from inequities","volume":"8","author":"Wallace","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.884241","article-title":"Predicting mild traumatic brain injury patients at risk of persistent symptoms in the Emergency Department","volume":"28","author":"Wojcik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-17-00276","article-title":"Sex-specific outcomes and predictors of concussion recovery","volume":"25","author":"Davis-Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.02.072","article-title":"The effectiveness of prescribed rest depends on initial presentation after concussion","volume":"185","author":"Sufrinko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091941","article-title":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport","volume":"47","author":"Harmon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an1303_4","article-title":"Measurement of symptoms following sports-related concussion: reliability and normative data for the post-concussion scale","volume":"13","author":"Lovell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.17.4.460.27934","article-title":"Interpreting change on ImPACT following sport concussion","volume":"17","author":"Iverson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2013.64.5.402","article-title":"The prevention and handling of the missing data","volume":"64","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875023003066?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875023003066?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T04:39:56Z","timestamp":1726634396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875023003066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1878875023003066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Investigation of Factors Contributing to Racial Differences in Sport-Related Concussion Outcomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}