{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:58:40Z","timestamp":1787320720769,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"AbbVie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K76-AG057022-05S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K76-AG057022-05S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T01:46:33Z","timestamp":1683510393000},"page":"e91-e100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Awake Spinal Fusion Is Associated with Reduced Length of Stay, Opioid Use, and Time to Ambulation Compared to General Anesthesia: A Matched Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"176","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8154-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.W.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1485-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troy Q.","family":"Tabarestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nauman S.","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Salven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher I.","family":"Shaffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8088-8390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. Michael","family":"Bullock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole R.","family":"Guinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3971-3879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Gadsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad M.","family":"Abd-El-Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000198726.62514.75","article-title":"Trends and variations in the use of spine surgery","volume":"443","author":"Deyo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.14444\/8036","article-title":"The expanding Frontier of outpatient spine surgery","volume":"15","author":"Beschloss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004041","article-title":"Marked increase in spinal deformity surgery throughout the United States","volume":"46","author":"Beschloss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028743","article-title":"Lumbar spine surgery across 15 years: trends, complications and reoperations in a longitudinal observational study from Norway","volume":"9","author":"Grotle","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002822","article-title":"Trends in lumbar fusion procedure rates and associated hospital costs for degenerative spinal diseases in the United States, 2004 to 2015","volume":"44","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib6","article-title":"Minimally invasive vs. Open surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis in patients with diabetes - a Canadian spine outcomes and research Network study","author":"Hathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E177","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001731","article-title":"Minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery spinal fusion for spondylolisthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_472_16","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open spine surgery: what does the best evidence tell us?","volume":"8","author":"McClelland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143s","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568219882344","article-title":"Comparison of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal interbody lumbar fusion","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.08.162","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for single-level degenerative disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"133","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib11","article-title":"Perioperative outcomes of general versus spinal anesthesia in the lumbar spine surgery population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 2005 through 2021","volume":"30","author":"Urick","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.20.00163","article-title":"Awake spinal fusion","volume":"9","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E16","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.1.FOCUS18510","article-title":"A\u00a0novel technique for awake, minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: technical note","volume":"46","author":"Kai-Hong Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.12.FOCUS18701","article-title":"Endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion without general anesthesia: operative and clinical outcomes in 100 consecutive patients with a minimum 1-year follow-up","volume":"46","author":"Kolcun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.11.FOCUS15435","article-title":"Endoscopic minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion without general anesthesia: initial clinical experience with 1-year follow-up","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.9.FOCUS21456","article-title":"Spine surgery under awake spinal anesthesia: an Egyptian experience during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"51","author":"Khattab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib17","first-page":"102","article-title":"General anesthesia compared to spinal anesthesia for patients undergoing lumbar Vertebral surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"De Cassai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.2.1.0017","article-title":"Comparison of spinal and general anesthesia in lumbar laminectomy surgery: a case-controlled analysis of 400 patients","volume":"2","author":"McLain","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.05.058","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective comparison of the effects of instrument tracking on time and radiation during minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"152","author":"Hamouda","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1558821","article-title":"True percutaneous transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: case illustrations, surgical technique, and limitations","volume":"77","author":"Syed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Surg Cent Eur Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.14444\/8144","article-title":"Percutaneous lumbar interbody fusion with an expandable titanium cage through Kambin's triangle: a case series with initial clinical and radiographic results","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opab325","article-title":"Robotic-assisted trajectory into Kambin's triangle during percutaneous transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion-initial case series investigating safety and efficacy","volume":"21","author":"Dalton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.04.012","article-title":"Adoption of awake spine surgery - trends from a national registry over 14 years","volume":"22","author":"Azad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199207060-00005","article-title":"Adverse effects of general anaesthetics","volume":"7","author":"Berthoud","year":"1992","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-1937-6","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open Transforaminal lumbar Interbody fusion in obese patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2113514","article-title":"Spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia for hip surgery in older adults","volume":"385","author":"Neuman","year":"2021","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib27","first-page":"130","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open lumbar fusion: a comparison of blood loss, surgical complications, and hospital course","volume":"35","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/01376517-200802000-00006","article-title":"The multiple benefits of minimally invasive spinal surgery: results comparing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and posterior lumbar fusion","volume":"40","author":"Starkweather","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_153_2021","article-title":"Awake spine surgery: an eye-opening movement","volume":"12","author":"Fiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199609000-00021","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective randomized study comparing short- and intermediate-term perioperative outcome variables after spinal or general anesthesia for lumbar disk and laminectomy surgery","volume":"83","author":"Jellish","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.06200.x","article-title":"Ultrasound in regional anaesthesia","volume":"65","author":"Griffin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-22-00101","article-title":"Regional anesthesia for spine surgery","volume":"30","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.005","article-title":"Awake robotic minimally invasive L4-5 transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"148","author":"De Biase","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.02.085","article-title":"Pearls and Pitfalls of awake spine surgery: a simplified patient-selection algorithm","volume":"161","author":"Letchuman","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.10.172","article-title":"What is the learning curve for lumbar spine surgery under spinal anesthesia?","volume":"158","author":"West","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.9.FOCUS21464","article-title":"Spinal anesthesia in awake surgical procedures of the lumbar spine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 3709 patients","volume":"51","author":"Perez-Roman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib37","first-page":"S108","article-title":"Trends in outpatient minimally invasive spine surgery","volume":"5","author":"Basil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib38","first-page":"E255","article-title":"Awake, transforaminal endoscopic lumbar spine surgery in octogenarians: case series","volume":"25","author":"Telfeian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.11.058","article-title":"Defining the time benefit of awake versus general anesthesia for single-level lumbar spine surgery","volume":"158","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002259","article-title":"Periprocedural polypharmacy in lumbar fusions performed under spinal anesthesia compared with general anesthesia","volume":"92","author":"Olmos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2023.101444","article-title":"Awake spinal anesthesia facilitates spine surgery in poor surgical candidates: a case series","volume":"69","author":"Sykes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib42","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"General Anesthesia for Surgeons","author":"Smith","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000362","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of regional versus general anesthesia for lumbar spine surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized studies","volume":"29","author":"Zorrilla-Vaca","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.05.028","article-title":"A\u00a0Nation-wide review of elective surgery and COVID-surge capacity","volume":"267","author":"Prasad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib45","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Nursing shortage","author":"Haddad","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.9.FOCUS21265","article-title":"Spinal versus general anesthesia for minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: implications on operating room time, pain, and ambulation","volume":"51","author":"De Biase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01171-6","article-title":"Factors determining the choice of spinal versus general anesthesia in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery: results of a multicenter observational study","volume":"37","author":"Capdevila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003106","article-title":"Total inpatient morphine milligram equivalents can Predict long-term opioid use after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"44","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-020-01016-8","article-title":"The effect of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block on postsurgical pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Kendall","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875023006137?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875023006137?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T09:21:28Z","timestamp":1761816088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875023006137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S1878875023006137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Awake Spinal Fusion Is Associated with Reduced Length of Stay, Opioid Use, and Time to Ambulation Compared to General Anesthesia: A Matched Cohort Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}