{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:01:47Z","timestamp":1787986907252,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":369,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 EB026665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 EB026665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T12:52:30Z","timestamp":1688993550000},"page":"e135-e140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Lumbar Spinal Canal Segmentation in Cases with Lumbar Stenosis Using Deep-U-Net Ensembles"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4580-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azim N.","family":"Laiwalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4337-3715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anshul","family":"Ratnaparkhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8666-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Zarrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7317-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirstin","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4332-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ien","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6782-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bayard","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6666-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.J.","family":"Florence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banafsheh","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilwaj","family":"Gaonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Beckett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Macyszyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.20.2451","article-title":"Surgical vs Nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation","volume":"296","author":"Weinstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218770769","article-title":"Degenerative lumbar spine disease: estimating global incidence and worldwide volume","volume":"8","author":"Ravindra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2009.12.003","article-title":"Contemporary management of symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"41","author":"Djurasovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16082.1","article-title":"Current concepts and recent advances in understanding and managing lumbar spine stenosis [version 1; referees: 3 approved]","volume":"8","author":"Bagley","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-130440","article-title":"Pathoanatomical characteristics of clinical lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"27","author":"Tomkins-Lane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0646-5","article-title":"Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: correlation with oswestry disability index and MR imaging","volume":"17","author":"Sirvanci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.060","article-title":"Automatic magnetic resonance spinal cord segmentation with topology constraints for variable fields of view","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.151.6.1219","article-title":"Characteristic features of MR truncation artifacts","volume":"151","author":"Czervionke","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.2.3336725","article-title":"Syrinx-like artifacts on MR images of the spinal cord","volume":"166","author":"Bronskill","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.152.4.835","article-title":"MR imaging artifacts of the axial internal anatomy of the cervical spinal cord","volume":"152","author":"Curtin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00277-4","article-title":"Technical issues for MRI examination of the posterior fossa","volume":"172","author":"McGowan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(22)01037-5","article-title":"Motion artifacts in brain and spine MR","volume":"26","author":"Hinks","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.2.3336724","article-title":"Spinal cord artifacts from truncation errors during MR imaging","volume":"166","author":"Levy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2014.03.005","article-title":"Supervised methods for detection and segmentation of tissues in clinical lumbar MRI","volume":"38","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib15","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)","article-title":"U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.3390\/app8091586","article-title":"Semi-automatic segmentation of vertebral bodies in MR images of human lumbar spines","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1044","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in spine research","volume":"2","author":"Galbusera","year":"2019","journal-title":"JOR SPINE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46723-8_48","article-title":"Automatic liver and lesion segmentation in CT using cascaded fully convolutional neural networks and 3D conditional random fields","volume":"9901","author":"Christ","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lect Notes Comput Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7952946","article-title":"Automatic spine tissue segmentation from MRI data based on cascade of boosted classifiers and active appearance model","volume":"2018","author":"Gawe\u0142","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46723-8_49","article-title":"3D U-net: learning dense volumetric segmentation from sparse annotation","volume":"9901","author":"cicek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lect Notes Comput Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib21","first-page":"1586","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of spinal canal areas in the lumbar spine: an imaging informatics and machine learning study","volume":"40","author":"Gaonkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2015.2437192","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and spinal canal coupled with vertebral labeling","volume":"34","author":"De Leener","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71570-1","article-title":"Magnetisation transfer ratio combined with magnetic resonance neurography is feasible in the proximal lumbar plexus using healthy volunteers at 3T","volume":"10","author":"Yiannakas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib24","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS. Vol 2016-October","article-title":"ITK-SNAP: An interactive tool for semi-automatic segmentation of multi-modality biomedical images","author":"Yushkevich","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2802944","article-title":"Road extraction by deep residual U-net","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib26","author":"Yang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib27","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","article-title":"Automatic Lumbar Vertebrae Detection Based on Feature Fusion Deep Learning for Partial Occluded C-arm X-ray Images","author":"Li","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017162100","article-title":"Vertebral body compression fractures and bone density: automated detection and classification on CT Images","volume":"284","author":"Burns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180037","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.2019180037","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of neural foramina in the lumbar spine: an imaging informatics and machine learning study","volume":"1","author":"Gaonkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol Artif Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib30","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","article-title":"Fast and robust 3D vertebra segmentation using statistical shape models","author":"Mirzaalian","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib31","first-page":"6319879","article-title":"Automatic global level set approach for lumbar vertebrae CT image segmentation","volume":"2018","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-05856-4","article-title":"Automatic lumbar spinal MRI image segmentation with a multi-scale attention network","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/19\/305","article-title":"Segmentation of MR images for computer-assisted surgery of the lumbar spine","volume":"47","author":"Hoad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-012-0674-9","article-title":"Disc herniation diagnosis in MRI using a CAD framework and a two-level classifier","volume":"7","author":"Koh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2256460","article-title":"Simultaneous localization of lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs with SVM-Based MRF","volume":"60","author":"Oktay","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2004.828354","article-title":"Simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE): an algorithm for the validation of image segmentation","volume":"23","author":"Warfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875023009397?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875023009397?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T09:26:15Z","timestamp":1761816375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875023009397"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S1878875023009397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lumbar Spinal Canal Segmentation in Cases with Lumbar Stenosis Using Deep-U-Net Ensembles","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}