{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:22:55Z","timestamp":1792740175235,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T17:30:12Z","timestamp":1720719012000},"page":"147-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The Glymphatic System and Subarachnoid Lymphatic-Like Membrane: Recent Developments in Cerebrospinal Fluid Research"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2079-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan A.","family":"Shlobin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7073-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon L.","family":"Staple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6194-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Sclafani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1417-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.","family":"Harter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2011.03.002","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"128","author":"Sakka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804279-3.00002-2","article-title":"The cerebrospinal fluid and barriers\u2013anatomic and physiologic considerations","volume":"146","author":"Tumani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6","article-title":"The glymphatic system: a beginner\u2019s guide","volume":"40","author":"Jessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7698","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0619-21.2021","article-title":"The glymphatic system: a novel component of fundamental neurobiology","volume":"41","author":"Hablitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adc8810","article-title":"A\u00a0mesothelium divides the subarachnoid space into functional compartments","volume":"379","author":"M\u00f8llg\u00e5rd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab428","article-title":"A\u00a0clinical primer for the glymphatic system","volume":"145","author":"Carlstrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-7-9","article-title":"The function and structure of the cerebrospinal fluid outflow system","volume":"7","author":"Pollay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91383-6","article-title":"Evidence for a \u2018paravascular\u2019fluid circulation in the mammalian central nervous system, provided by the rapid distribution of tracer protein throughout the brain from the subarachnoid space","volume":"326","author":"Rennels","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147ra111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","article-title":"A\u00a0paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2","volume":"4","author":"Iliff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40070","article-title":"Aquaporin-4-dependent glymphatic solute transport in the rodent brain","volume":"7","author":"Mestre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx191","article-title":"Glymphatic MRI in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"140","author":"Ringstad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15622047","article-title":"Ultra-fast magnetic resonance encephalography of physiological brain activity\u2013glymphatic pulsation mechanisms?","volume":"36","author":"Kiviniemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3246-14.2015","article-title":"Inspiration is the major regulator of human CSF flow","volume":"35","author":"Dreha-Kulaczewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104987","article-title":"The glymphatic system: current understanding and modeling","volume":"25","author":"Bohr","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11010","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817347116","article-title":"Adrenergic receptor antagonism induces neuroprotection and facilitates recovery from acute ischemic stroke","volume":"116","author":"Monai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16661202","article-title":"Glymphatic clearance controls state-dependent changes in brain lactate concentration","volume":"37","author":"Lundgaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16180","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3020-14.2014","article-title":"Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Iliff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.05.015","article-title":"Suppression of glymphatic fluid transport in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"93","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3742-14.2015","article-title":"Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glymphatic system","volume":"35","author":"Plog","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6807","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7807","article-title":"Direct neuronal glucose uptake heralds activity-dependent increases in cerebral metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Lundgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02582","article-title":"Paravascular microcirculation facilitates rapid lipid transport and astrocyte signaling in the brain","volume":"3","author":"Thrane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.108441","article-title":"The glymphatic system delivery enhances the transduction efficiency of AAV1 to brain endothelial cells in adult mice","volume":"328","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.88034","article-title":"Glymphatic fluid transport controls paravascular clearance of AAV vectors from the brain","volume":"1","author":"Murlidharan","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.040","article-title":"Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface","volume":"184","author":"Rustenhoven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102774","article-title":"The features of the glymphatic system","volume":"232","author":"Nycz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav5447","article-title":"Increased glymphatic influx is correlated with high EEG delta power and low heart rate in mice under anesthesia","volume":"5","author":"Hablitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib27","first-page":"373","article-title":"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Technol Humanit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021203784","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced MRI T1 mapping for quantitative evaluation of putative dynamic glymphatic activity in the human brain in sleep-wake states","volume":"300","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa443","article-title":"Sleep deprivation impairs molecular clearance from the human brain","volume":"144","author":"Eide","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18115-2","article-title":"Circadian control of brain glymphatic and lymphatic fluid flow","volume":"11","author":"Hablitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax5440","article-title":"Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep","volume":"366","author":"Fultz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz5191","article-title":"Deep sleep drives brain fluid oscillations","volume":"366","author":"Grubb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36643-5","article-title":"Sleep cycle-dependent vascular dynamics in male mice and the predicted effects on perivascular cerebrospinal fluid flow and solute transport","volume":"14","author":"Bojarskaite","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.08.026","article-title":"The glymphatic system","volume":"31","author":"Hablitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38635","article-title":"Glymphatic solute transport does not require bulk flow","volume":"6","author":"Asgari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-018-0103-8","article-title":"Is bulk flow plausible in perivascular, paravascular and paravenous channels?","volume":"15","author":"Faghih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65958","article-title":"Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid observed in periarterial spaces is not an artifact of injection","volume":"10","author":"Raghunandan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.07.005","article-title":"Mechanisms to explain the reverse perivascular transport of solutes out of the brain","volume":"238","author":"Schley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Theor Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2003.11.006","article-title":"Evidence for bulk flow of brain interstitial fluid: significance for physiology and pathology","volume":"45","author":"Abbott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66887-w","article-title":"Arterial pulsations drive oscillatory flow of CSF but not directional pumping","volume":"10","author":"Kedarasetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18190","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1592-13.2013","article-title":"Cerebral arterial pulsation drives paravascular CSF\u2013interstitial fluid exchange in the murine brain","volume":"33","author":"Iliff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07318-3","article-title":"Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Mestre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77787-4","article-title":"Peristaltic flow in the glymphatic system","volume":"10","author":"Roman\u00f2","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119464","article-title":"Assessing pulsatile waveforms of paravascular cerebrospinal fluid dynamics using dynamic diffusion-weighted imaging (dDWI)","volume":"260","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120524","article-title":"Higher intracranial arterial pulsatility is associated with presumed imaging markers of the glymphatic system: an explorative study","volume":"288","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00282-z","article-title":"The glymphatic hypothesis: the theory and the evidence","volume":"19","author":"Hladky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.163.3.3575734","article-title":"Human brain motion and cerebrospinal fluid circulation demonstrated with MR velocity imaging","volume":"163","author":"Feinberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-0141-0","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics in the central nervous system","volume":"39","author":"Sweetman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.11.014","article-title":"Glymphatic cerebrospinal fluid and solute transport quantified by MRI and PET imaging","volume":"474","author":"Benveniste","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1812-4","article-title":"The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a \u2018glymphatic\u2019system?","volume":"135","author":"Abbott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27679","article-title":"Test of the'glymphatic'hypothesis demonstrates diffusive and aquaporin-4-independent solute transport in rodent brain parenchyma","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17749689","article-title":"Molecular characterization of perivascular drainage pathways in the murine brain","volume":"38","author":"Hannocks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275105","article-title":"Intrathecal antibody distribution in the rat brain: surface diffusion, perivascular transport and osmotic enhancement of delivery","volume":"596","author":"Pizzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.04.003","article-title":"The brain\u2019s glymphatic system: current controversies","volume":"43","author":"Mestre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1862-7","article-title":"Convective influx\/glymphatic system: tracers injected into the CSF enter and leave the brain along separate periarterial basement membrane pathways","volume":"136","author":"Albargothy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142290","article-title":"A\u00a0dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules","volume":"212","author":"Aspelund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","article-title":"Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels","volume":"523","author":"Louveau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17737984","article-title":"Paravascular spaces at the brain surface: low resistance pathways for cerebrospinal fluid flow","volume":"38","author":"Bedussi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.03.028","article-title":"Interaction between blood-brain barrier and glymphatic system in solute clearance","volume":"90","author":"Verheggen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01484-6","article-title":"Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is predominantly through lymphatic vessels and is reduced in aged mice","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.08.006","article-title":"Combined effects of aquaporin-4 and hypoxia produce age-related hydrocephalus","volume":"1864","author":"Trillo-Contreras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.mp.2022-0117","article-title":"Age-related decline of intrinsic cerebrospinal fluid outflow in healthy humans detected with non-contrast spin-labeling MR imaging","volume":"23","author":"Malis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052664","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid pressure decreases with older age","volume":"7","author":"Fleischman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2008.12.004","article-title":"Age-related changes in choroid plexus and blood\u2013cerebrospinal fluid barrier function in the sheep","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib65","article-title":"Aging-related alterations of glymphatic transport in rat: in\u00a0vivo magnetic resonance imaging and kinetic study","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24271","article-title":"Impairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain","volume":"76","author":"Kress","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23138","article-title":"H\u00a0uman and mouse cortical astrocytes differ in aquaporin-4 polarization toward microvessels","volume":"65","author":"Eidsvaag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16629486","article-title":"Aging alters the dampening of pulsatile blood flow in cerebral arteries","volume":"36","author":"Zarrinkoob","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000191541.06788.bb","article-title":"Ischemic neoangiogenesis enhanced by \u03b22-adrenergic receptor overexpression: a novel role for the endothelial adrenergic system","volume":"97","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1173221","article-title":"Age-and time-of-day dependence of glymphatic function in the human brain measured via two diffusion MRI methods","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7896","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad086","article-title":"The aging of glymphatic system in human brain and its correlation with brain charts and neuropsychological functioning","volume":"33","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebr Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.559603","article-title":"Dysfunction of the glymphatic system might be related to iron deposition in the normal aging brain","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00360.2022","article-title":"A\u00a0novel conceptual framework for the functionality of the glymphatic system","volume":"129","author":"Astara","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30318-1","article-title":"The glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders","volume":"17","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.11.008","article-title":"Glymphatic system impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"26","author":"Reeves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.187211","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid clearance in Alzheimer disease measured with dynamic PET","volume":"58","author":"de Leon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-015-0056-1","article-title":"Deletion of aquaporin-4 in APP\/PS1 mice exacerbates brain A\u03b2 accumulation and memory deficits","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10122-3","article-title":"Glymphatic system impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: associations with perivascular space volume and cognitive function","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.4370","article-title":"Association of perivascular localization of aquaporin-4 with cognition and Alzheimer disease in aging brains","volume":"74","author":"Zeppenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30779-x","article-title":"Transcriptional network analysis of human astrocytic endfoot genes reveals region-specific associations with dementia status and tau pathology","volume":"8","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa179","article-title":"Impaired glymphatic function and clearance of tau in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"143","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib82","article-title":"Sleep disorders and Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathophysiology: the role of the Glymphatic System. A scoping review","volume":"217","author":"Astara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.884234","article-title":"Impaired glymphatic system actions in obstructive sleep apnea adults","volume":"16","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz137","article-title":"Relationships between objectives sleep parameters and brain amyloid load in subjects at risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the INSIGHT-preAD Study","volume":"42","author":"Ettore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5675014","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of glymphatic system evaluation using diffusion tensor imaging in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and mimickers","volume":"2019","author":"Yokota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of glymphatic dysfunction in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus with diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"1","author":"Georgiopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.11.009","article-title":"Altered glymphatic system in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"82","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.24","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo evidence for impaired glymphatic function in the visual pathway of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"61","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18760974","article-title":"Delayed clearance of cerebrospinal fluid tracer from entorhinal cortex in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a glymphatic magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"39","author":"Eide","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258165","article-title":"Evaluation of aquaporins in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"16","author":"Hiraldo-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104828","article-title":"Impaired glymphatic system in secondary degeneration areas after ischemic stroke in rats","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib92","article-title":"Impaired glymphatic transport kinetics following induced acute ischemic brain edema in a mouse pMCAO model","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006617","article-title":"Impaired glymphatic perfusion after strokes revealed by contrast-enhanced MRI: a new target for fibrinolysis?","volume":"45","author":"Gaberel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.01.007","article-title":"Glial scars are permeable to the neurotoxic environment of chronic stroke infarcts","volume":"112","author":"Zbesko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113685","article-title":"The role of glymphatic system in the cerebral edema formation after ischemic stroke","volume":"340","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/72256","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Manley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.10.040","article-title":"Reduced brain edema and infarct volume in aquaporin-4 deficient mice after transient focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"584","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax7171","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid influx drives acute ischemic tissue swelling","volume":"367","author":"Mestre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15623290","article-title":"Improved long-term outcome after transient cerebral ischemia in aquaporin-4 knockout mice","volume":"37","author":"Hirt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3390-16.2017","article-title":"Cortical spreading depression closes paravascular space and impairs glymphatic flow: implications for migraine headache","volume":"37","author":"Schain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.756249","article-title":"Glymphatic dysfunction in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Toh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12877","article-title":"Role of the glymphatic system and perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker for post-stroke epilepsy","volume":"9","author":"Hlauschek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017014","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage severely impairs brain parenchymal cerebrospinal fluid circulation in nonhuman primate","volume":"48","author":"Goulay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.924080","article-title":"Dynamic evolution of the glymphatic system at the early stages of subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"13","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04615-6_10","article-title":"Aquaporin4 knockout aggravates early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage through impairment of the glymphatic system in rat brain","volume":"127","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03478-9","article-title":"Nimodipine attenuates early brain injury by protecting the glymphatic system after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice","volume":"47","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2019.28.1.104","article-title":"Persistent malfunction of glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic drainage in a mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"28","author":"Pu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Experimental Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00925-3","article-title":"Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide attenuates brain edema by protecting blood\u2013brain barrier and glymphatic system after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats","volume":"17","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147062","article-title":"MRI detection of impairment of glymphatic function in rat after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"1747","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63022-7","article-title":"Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury alters glymphatic clearance rates in limbic structures of adolescent female rats","volume":"10","author":"Christensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-03073-x","article-title":"Glymphatic system evaluation using diffusion tensor imaging in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad134","article-title":"Glymphatic clearance estimated using diffusion tensor imaging along perivascular spaces is reduced after traumatic brain injury and correlates with plasma neurofilament light, a biomarker of injury severity","volume":"5","author":"Butler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2808","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-\u03b2 pathology: a link to Alzheimer's disease?","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6348","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury induces tau aggregation and spreading","volume":"37","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.08.016","article-title":"Glymphatic system disruption as a mediator of brain trauma and chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"84","author":"Sullan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06737-7","article-title":"Potentiating glymphatic drainage minimizes post-traumatic cerebral oedema","volume":"623","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-023-00500-w","article-title":"Structural characterization of SLYM\u2014a 4th meningeal membrane","volume":"20","author":"Pl\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib118","first-page":"210","article-title":"When the air hits your brain: decreased arterial pulsatility after craniectomy leading to impaired glymphatic flow","volume":"133","author":"Plog","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib119","first-page":"267","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid circulation failure in the pathogenesis of post-craniectomy glymphatic flow impairment","volume":"133","author":"Gallina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1443","article-title":"Effect of decompressive craniectomy on aquaporin-4 expression after lateral fluid percussion injury in rats","volume":"28","author":"Tomura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.041","article-title":"Are hygromas and hydrocephalus after decompressive craniectomy caused by impaired brain pulsatility, cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics, and glymphatic drainage? Literature overview and illustrative cases","volume":"130","author":"Akins","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1227\/neuprac.0000000000000051","article-title":"Glymphatics for the neurosurgeon","volume":"4","author":"Treffy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurgery Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.02.105","article-title":"Possible role of the new identified \u201csubarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane\u201d in traumatic brain injury","volume":"174","author":"Grasso","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.02.067","article-title":"Cisternostomy versus decompressive craniectomy for the management of traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"162","author":"Chandra","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875024012026?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875024012026?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T21:25:50Z","timestamp":1749677150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875024012026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":124,"alternative-id":["S1878875024012026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Glymphatic System and Subarachnoid Lymphatic-Like Membrane: Recent Developments in Cerebrospinal Fluid Research","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.062","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}