{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:27:37Z","timestamp":1792024057738,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T21:34:26Z","timestamp":1730583266000},"page":"397-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mesenchymal-Type Genetic Mutations Are Likely Prerequisite for Glioblastoma Multiforme to Metastasize Outside the Central Nervous System: An Original Case Series and Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"193","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6222-904X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryce J.","family":"Laurin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6377-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall","family":"Treffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6122-8573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Connelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Straza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1281-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wade M.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max O.","family":"Krucoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0023","article-title":"Glioblastoma and other primary brain malignancies in adults: a review","volume":"329","author":"Schaff","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib2","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme","author":"Kanderi","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers3010461","article-title":"Extra-neural metastases of malignant gliomas: myth or reality?","volume":"3","author":"Beauchesne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e668","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.9232","article-title":"Rare phenomenon: liver metastases from glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"29","author":"Sch\u00f6nsteiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0370-y","article-title":"A\u00a0case of soft tissue metastasis from glioblastoma and review of the literature","volume":"103","author":"Armstrong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib6","first-page":"342","article-title":"Extracerebral metastases of a glioblastoma, in the absence of surgery","volume":"43","author":"Chretien","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Anat Cytol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib7","first-page":"169","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme with remote extracranial metastases","volume":"75","author":"Johnson","year":"1974","journal-title":"J\u00a0Kans Med Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W54","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e3181d449d6","article-title":"Pleural metastatic disease from glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"26","author":"Gotway","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.48.7546","volume":"32","author":"Hamilton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020412","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Daneman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.01.003","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"57","author":"Zlokovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.65.3.424","article-title":"Metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme: a meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Cunha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23648","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in health and disease","volume":"72","author":"Daneman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09513","article-title":"Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis","volume":"468","author":"Daneman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00418","article-title":"Gliomas and the vascular fragility of the blood brain barrier","volume":"8","author":"Dubois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.02.003","article-title":"The disturbed blood-brain barrier in human glioblastoma","volume":"33","author":"Wolburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib17","first-page":"347","article-title":"Extracranial metastases of glioblastoma multiforme confirmed by electron microscopy","volume":"8","author":"O'Conner","year":"1977","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not151","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2006-2010","volume":"15","author":"Ostrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611977","article-title":"Short-course radiation plus temozolomide in elderly patients with glioblastoma","volume":"376","author":"Perry","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197603)37:3<1577::AID-CNCR2820370348>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme with extraneural metastases in the absence of previous surgery","volume":"37","author":"Hulbanni","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib22","first-page":"88","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme with extracranial metastases in the absence of previous craniotomy. Case report","volume":"33","author":"Anzil","year":"1970","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib23","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme causing calvarial destruction: an unusual manifestation revisited","volume":"25","author":"Gheyi","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib24","first-page":"679","article-title":"Glioblastoma Multiforme with extracranial metastases without previous surgery: demonstration of extracranial metastases by peroxidase antiperoxidase staining and clinicopathological study","volume":"39","author":"Ogata","year":"1987","journal-title":"No to Shinkei"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-247248","article-title":"Primary bone destruction and extracranial metastases in an atypical glioblastoma with sarcomatoid features","volume":"15","author":"Smaal","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib26","first-page":"887","article-title":"Diffuse vertebral body metastasis from a glioblastoma multiforme: a technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computerized tomography study","volume":"93","author":"Beauchesne","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-006-0854-x","article-title":"Concomitant bone marrow metastasis of a glioblastoma multiforme revealed at the diagnosis","volume":"148","author":"Didelot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051176","article-title":"Current understanding of hypoxia in glioblastoma multiforme and its response to immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Base1)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012245115209","article-title":"Extraneural metastasis of primary brain tumors","volume":"53","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160809400109","article-title":"Extra-central nervous system metastases from cerebral glioblastoma multiforme in elderly patients. Clinicopathological remarks on our series of seven cases and critical review of the literature","volume":"94","author":"Piccirilli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(02)00819-7","article-title":"Metastasis to and from the central nervous system- the -relatively protected site","volume":"3","author":"Subramanian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19800101)45:1<112::AID-CNCR2820450121>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Extraneural metastases of astrocytomas and glioblastoma. Clinicopathological study of two cases and review of literature","volume":"45","author":"Pasquier","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009095","article-title":"Hematogenous dissemination of glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"6","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-0471","article-title":"Brain tumor cells in circulation are enriched for mesenchymal gene expression","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.03.015","article-title":"Metastatic gliosarcoma mass extension to a donor fascia lata graft harvest site by tumor cell contamination","volume":"73","author":"Bekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0543-y","article-title":"Skin metastases of glioblastoma in the absence of intracranial progression are associated with a shift towards a mesenchymal immunophenotype: report of two cases","volume":"118","author":"Senetta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e31817532c4","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme in skin: a report of 2 cases and review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Mentrikoski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI36183","article-title":"Biomarkers for epithelial-mesenchymal transitions","volume":"119","author":"Zeisberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690500081423","article-title":"Cutaneous metastasis from glioblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Jain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4113","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma progression","volume":"11","author":"Iwadate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39104","article-title":"The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition [published correction appears in J Clin Invest. 2010 May 3;120(5):1786]","volume":"119","author":"Kalluri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2017.08.002","article-title":"Neural crest and cancer: divergent travelers on similar paths","volume":"148","author":"Gallik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib43","article-title":"Glymphatics for the neurosurgeon","volume":"4","author":"Treffy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurg Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib44","article-title":"Genomic and epigenomic features of glioblastoma multiforme and its Biomarkers","volume":"2022","author":"Jadoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10866","article-title":"IDH1 mutation is sufficient to establish the glioma hypermethylator phenotype","volume":"483","author":"Turcan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.12.1044","article-title":"Systemic metastasis in glioblastoma may represent the emergence of neoplastic subclones","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01093-z","article-title":"Single-cell genomic and transcriptomic landscapes of primary and metastatic colorectal cancer tumors","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199301000-00005","article-title":"Comparative study of p53 gene and protein alterations in human astrocytic tumors","volume":"52","author":"Louis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00721.x","article-title":"Subsets of glioblastoma multiforme defined by molecular genetic analysis","volume":"3","author":"von Deimling","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1996.tb00848.x","article-title":"Overexpression of the EGF receptor and p53 mutations are mutually exclusive in the evolution of primary and secondary glioblastomas","volume":"6","author":"Watanabe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601911408889","article-title":"Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: important milestones at the various steps of tumorigenesis","volume":"2","author":"Rivlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.01.006","article-title":"Proteogenomic and metabolomic characterization of human glioblastoma","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-06-0085","article-title":"Amplification of KIT, PDGFRA, VEGFR2, and EGFR in gliomas","volume":"4","author":"Puputti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.01.074","article-title":"Extensive therapies for extraneural metastases from glioblastoma, as confirmed with the OncoScan assay","volume":"90","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12553","article-title":"Case of metastatic glioblastoma with primitive neuronal component to the lung","volume":"39","author":"Tamai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18127","article-title":"Epidural metastasis of a glioblastoma after stereotactic biopsy: case report","volume":"44","author":"Aichholzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1997.340","article-title":"Cervical lymph node metastasis from a glioblastoma multiforme in a child: report of a case and a review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Jamjoom","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib58","first-page":"6","article-title":"A rare case of metastatic glioblastoma diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration","volume":"5453420","author":"Al-Sardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib59","first-page":"559","article-title":"Scalp metastasis from glioblastoma","volume":"75","author":"Allan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a004671","DOI":"10.1101\/mcs.a004671","article-title":"Molecular and clonal evolution in recurrent metastatic gliosarcoma","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-015-0656-9","article-title":"Extraneural metastases in glioblastoma patients: two cases with YKL-40-positive glioblastomas and a meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Elena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1995000200025","article-title":"Familial glioblastoma","volume":"53","author":"Arruda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib63","first-page":"4917","article-title":"Extensive local and systemic therapy in extraneural metastasized glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"26","author":"Astner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-006-9295-x","article-title":"Gliosarcoma with multiple extracranial metastases: case report and review of the literature","volume":"83","author":"Beaumont","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuro-oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.07.049","article-title":"Primary cerebellar gliosarcoma with extracranial metastases: an orphan differential diagnosis","volume":"84","author":"Nsir","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnm.ijnm_209_21","article-title":"An unusual case of glioblastoma multiforme, presenting as skeletal superscan","volume":"37","author":"Bishnoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Nuclear Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2018.04.002","article-title":"Glioblastoma metastatic to the ovary, a very different Krukenberg tumor?","volume":"8","author":"Bonomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib68","first-page":"247","article-title":"Subcutaneous tumoral seeding from a glioblastoma following stereotactic biopsy: case report and review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Bouillot-Eimer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e922976","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.922976","article-title":"Early pulmonary metastasis after a surgical resection of glioblastoma multiforme. A case report","volume":"21","author":"Briones-Claudett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib70","first-page":"87","article-title":"Spinal epidural metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme: a case report","volume":"13","author":"Bukeo","year":"1985","journal-title":"No Shinkei Geka"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib71","first-page":"7849616","article-title":"Multiple extracranial metastases from primary gliosarcoma in a patient with two previous different primary cancers","volume":"2019","author":"Capion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib72","first-page":"322","article-title":"Extracranial metastatic glioblastoma: appearance on thallium-201-chloride\/technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT images","volume":"32","author":"Carvalho","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Nuclear Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-011-9312-3","article-title":"A case study of a patient with gliosarcoma with an extended survival and spinal cord metastases","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01324700","article-title":"Vertebral collapse with quadraparesis due to metastatic gliobla multiforme: case report and review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Chesnut","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.14791\/btrt.2020.8.e9","article-title":"Primary gliosarcoma with extracranial metastasis","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Res Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib76","first-page":"133","article-title":"Endobronchial metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme diagnosed by fiberoptic bronchoscopic biopsy","volume":"98","author":"Chung","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_538_2021","article-title":"Diffuse vertebral metastases from glioblastoma with vertebroepidural diffusion: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Colamaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib78","first-page":"e28803","article-title":"A case of glioblastoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase wild type, with widely disseminated osseous metastasis","volume":"14","author":"Conte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib79","first-page":"2938319","article-title":"A rare case of glioblastoma multiforme with osseous metastases","volume":"2017","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib80","first-page":"276","article-title":"A case of cervical lymph node metastasis resulting from glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"94","author":"Datta","year":"1998","journal-title":"W V Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.06.017","article-title":"Secondary gliosarcoma with extra-cranial metastases: a report and review of the literature","volume":"115","author":"Dawar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npab006","article-title":"Pathology-proven extradural (\u201cdistant\u201d) metastases of gliomas in adults in the Netherlands between 1971 and 2018: a systematic case series","volume":"8","author":"den Hartog","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-oncol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib83","first-page":"1531","article-title":"Cerebral glioblastomas and systemic metastases","volume":"157","author":"Denier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Revue Neurologique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e3182873075","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme metastastic to the bone: diagnosis by: 18: F-NaF PET\/CT","volume":"39","author":"Derlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Nuclear Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01665120","article-title":"Malignant gliomas\u2014glioblastoma multiforme and astrocytoma III\u2013IV with extracranial metastases: report of two cases","volume":"57","author":"Dietz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3770(21)00118-1","article-title":"Infratemporal and intraorbital metastasis of the glioblastoma multiforme. A case report","volume":"50","author":"Erdem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib87","first-page":"2563","article-title":"Bone metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme without central nervous system relapse: a case report","volume":"24","author":"Fabi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.1998.tb00980.x","article-title":"Peritoneal metastasis of intracranial glioblastoma via a ventriculoperitoneal shunt preventing organ retrieval: case report and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Fecteau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.104966","article-title":"Cutaneous metastasis from an intracranial glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"46","author":"Figueroa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005879027267","article-title":"High levels of gelatinase-B and active gelatinase-A in metastatic glioblastoma","volume":"36","author":"Forsyth","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.03.018","article-title":"Extracranial growth of glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"22","author":"Forsyth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucir.2018.03.005","article-title":"Subcutaneous tissue metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme: a case report and review of the literature. Met\u00e1stasis en tejido celular subcut\u00e1neo de glioblastoma multiforme: caso cl\u00ednico y revisi\u00f3n de la literatura","volume":"30","author":"Frade Porto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurocirugia (Astur\u202f: Engl Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov314","article-title":"Molecular portrait of a rare case of metastatic glioblastoma: somatic and germline mutations using whole-exome sequencing","volume":"18","author":"Franceschi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib94","first-page":"183","article-title":"Metastatic glioblastoma cells use common pathways via blood and lymphatic vessels","volume":"43","author":"Frank","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050342","article-title":"Bone metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme confirmed by fine needle biopsy","volume":"141","author":"Frappaz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2023.154399","article-title":"Gliosarcoma with extensive extracranial metastatic spread and familial coincidence: a case report","volume":"244","author":"Friker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol Res Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900701)66:1<180::AID-CNCR2820660132>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Diffuse bony metastases at presentation in a child with glioblastoma multiforme: a case report","volume":"66","author":"Gamis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.24412","article-title":"Cytomorphology of glioblastoma metastic to a cervical lymph node diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA): a case report and review of literature","volume":"48","author":"Gestrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostic Cytopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib99","first-page":"733","article-title":"A rare case of glioblastoma with extensive liver metastases","volume":"35","author":"Ghous","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncology (08909091)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5002(98)00029-4","article-title":"Pleuropulmonary metastasis from an intracranial glioblastoma","volume":"20","author":"Greif","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198901000-00004","article-title":"Multiple bone metastases in a patient with glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"14","author":"Haddon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib102","first-page":"3092","article-title":"Extraneural metastases from primary cerebral glioma","volume":"13","author":"Hanna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.01.074","article-title":"Management of glioblastoma metastatic to the vertebral spine","volume":"161","author":"Hersh","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.11.003","article-title":"Treatment of a glioblastoma multiforme dural metastasis with stereotactic radiosurgery: a case report and select review of the literature","volume":"48","author":"Hintenlang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(00)00662-3","article-title":"Extraneural metastatic glioblastoma after interstitial brachytherapy","volume":"48","author":"Houston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010170134","article-title":"Case reports of symptomatic metastases in four patients with primary intracranial gliomas","volume":"143","author":"H\u00fcbner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.132","article-title":"An extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma mimicking mucoepidermoid carcinoma","volume":"116","author":"Jie","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib108","article-title":"Skin spread from an intracranial glioblastoma: case report and review of the literature","volume":"2011","author":"Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-011-0731-1","article-title":"Metastatic glioblastoma: case presentations and a review of the literature","volume":"107","author":"Kalokhe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03402-4","article-title":"Increasing C-reactive protein levels in a patient with glioblastoma with lymph node metastasis: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Kanemitsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002896","article-title":"Extracranial metastases from glioblastoma with primitive neuronal components on FDG PET\/CT","volume":"45","author":"Kay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nuclear Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib112","first-page":"5","article-title":"Antiangiogenic therapies and extracranial metastasis in glioblastoma: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"431819","author":"Khattab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.14791\/btrt.2014.2.2.124","article-title":"Extraneural metastases of glioblastoma without simultaneous central nervous system recurrence","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90376-7","article-title":"Diffuse bone marrow metastases from glioblastoma multiforme: the role of dural invasion","volume":"27","author":"Kleinschmidt-Demasters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Human Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npac042","article-title":"Extra-CNS and dural metastases in FGFR3: TACC3 fusion+ adult glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype","volume":"9","author":"Kleinschmidt-DeMasters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-007-0499-2","article-title":"Parotid gland metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"265","author":"Kraft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib117","first-page":"e22587","article-title":"Metachronous osseous metastases from gliobliostoma mutiforme: an unusual presentation","volume":"14","author":"Krishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2018.1529296","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme metastatic to lung in the absence of intracranial recurrence: case report","volume":"36","author":"Kumaria","year":"2022","journal-title":"British J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00177841","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme with bone metastase and cauda equina syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Lampl","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2217\/cns-2016-0042","article-title":"GBM skin metastasis: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1961.18.3.0313","article-title":"Extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"18","author":"Ley","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-020-00488-x","article-title":"Solitary vertebral metastatic glioblastoma in the absence of primary brain tumor relapse: a case report and literature review","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(79)80051-9","article-title":"The pathways of extraneural spread in metastasizing gliomas: a report of three cases and critical review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Liwnicz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13785","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme with vertebral metastases: a case report","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib125","article-title":"Multiple extracranial metastases from glioblastoma multiforme: a case report and literature review","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00163541","article-title":"Intracranial astrocytoma with diffuse bone marrow metastasis: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"LoRussol","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10300","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i33.10300","article-title":"Extracranial multiorgan metastasis from primary glioblastoma: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Luan","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2018.05.017","article-title":"Skin metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme: a case report and literature review. Met\u00e1stasis cut\u00e1nea de glioblastoma multiforme: presentaci\u00f3n de un caso y revisi\u00f3n de la literatura","volume":"110","author":"Magdaleno-Tapial","year":"2019","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101552","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1101552","article-title":"Recurrent glioblastoma metastatic to the lumbar vertebra: a case report and literature review: surgical oncology","volume":"13","author":"Matsuhashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.29.938","article-title":"Gliosarcoma with multiple extracranial metastases. Case report (in Japanese)","volume":"29","author":"Matsuyama","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/0899-7071(94)90011-6","article-title":"Vertebral body metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme with epidural mass formation contrast enhanced MRI study","volume":"18","author":"Mihara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1080941","article-title":"Multifocal glioblastoma with remote cutaneous metastasis: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"70","author":"Miliaras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Central Eur Neurosurgery-Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-004-1749-9","article-title":"Detection of multiple extracranial metastases from glioblastoma multiforme by means of whole-body [18F]FDG-PET","volume":"32","author":"Mirzayan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00906-9","article-title":"Molecular profiling of an osseous metastasis in glioblastoma during checkpoint inhibition: potential mechanisms of immune escape","volume":"8","author":"Mohme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2004.19.6.911","article-title":"Metastatic glioblastoma in cervical lymph node after repeated craniotomies: report of a case with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration","volume":"19","author":"Moon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib136","first-page":"105","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of a new human glioblastoma cell line (MGM-1) with highly motile phenotype","volume":"10","author":"Moriyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib137","first-page":"904","article-title":"Bone marrow metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"77","author":"Mousavi","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Med Soc N J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2005.08.016","article-title":"Extracranial metastases of a glioblastoma multiforme to the pleura, small bowel and pancreas","volume":"13","author":"Mujic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1159\/000525660","article-title":"BRAF V600E-mutant glioblastoma with extracranial metastases responsive to combined BRAF and MEK targeted inhibition: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Munjapara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib140","first-page":"313","article-title":"Gliosarcoma with cranial penetration and extension to the maxillary sinus","volume":"14","author":"Murphy","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib141","first-page":"802","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme presenting as osteoblastic metastatic disease: case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Myers","year":"1990","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2021.10.029","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme metastasizing to the skin, a case report and literature review [published correction appears in Radiol Case Rep. 2023 Mar;18(3):1387-1388. doi: 10.1016\/j.radcr.2022.10.050]","volume":"17","author":"Nakib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400915609348","article-title":"Extracranial, peritoneal seeding of primary malignant brain tumors through ventriculo-peritoneal shunts in children: case report and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Narayan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920415)69:8<2149::AID-CNCR2820690822>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Extraneural metastases of infratentorial glioblastoma multiforme to the peritoneal cavity","volume":"69","author":"Newton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13818","article-title":"A case of subgaleal metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"48","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1962.00450220042007","article-title":"Brain tumor with extracranial metastases: report of two cases","volume":"6","author":"Nigogosyan","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npaa083","article-title":"A case series of extraneural metastatic glioblastoma at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","volume":"8","author":"Noch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-005-1480-9","article-title":"Report of GBM metastasis to the parotid gland","volume":"74","author":"Ogungbo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2010.08.006","article-title":"Spinal cervical metastasis from a glioblastoma multiform treated by percutaneous vertebroplasty: a case report","volume":"38","author":"Pham","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.04.021","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme metastases to the masticator muscles and the scalp","volume":"53","author":"P\u00e9rez-Bovet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050410","article-title":"Metastasis along the stereotactic biopsy trajectory in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"141","author":"Pierallini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib152","first-page":"827","article-title":"Osteo-medullary metastases from cerebral glioblastoma","volume":"60","author":"Pireyre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Revue du Rhumatisme (Ed. Francaise: 1993)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(83)80007-6","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme metastatic to the neck","volume":"4","author":"Potter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-004-3346-y","article-title":"Bone marrow metastases from glioblastoma multiforme\u2013a case report and review of the literature","volume":"72","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.142","article-title":"Infratentorial glioblastoma metastasis to bone","volume":"131","author":"Ricard","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib156","first-page":"e3","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme: a rare manifestation of extensive liver and bone metastases","volume":"4","author":"Robert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed Imag Interv J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-013-0448-x","article-title":"Glioblastoma metastasis to parotid gland and neck lymph nodes: fine-needle aspiration cytology with histopathologic correlation","volume":"7","author":"Romero-Rojas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-019-0793-5","article-title":"Widely metastatic IDH1-mutant glioblastoma with oligodendroglial features and atypical molecular findings: a case report and review of current challenges in molecular diagnostics","volume":"14","author":"Romo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1159\/000492111","article-title":"Extracranial metastases of a cerebral glioblastoma: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Rosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-018-0319-y","article-title":"A case of epidural glioblastoma metastasis presenting with a cervical myelopathy, torticollis, and L\u2019hermitte\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"35","author":"Ruff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol"},{"issue":"15_supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P3","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.92.15_supplement.P3.6-019","article-title":"Glioblastoma with bilateral extraocular muscle infiltration (P3. 6-019)","volume":"92","author":"Ruff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e31803350a7","article-title":"Extracranial metastases of glioblastoma in a child: case report and review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Saad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol\/Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198410000-00014","article-title":"Extracranial metastasis of cerebral glioblastoma multiforme: case report","volume":"15","author":"Sadik","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib164","first-page":"209","article-title":"Metastiza\u00e7\u00e3o extracraniana de glioblastoma multiforme [Extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme]","volume":"16","author":"Santos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.1980","article-title":"Extracranial metastases in glioblastoma-Two case stories","volume":"7","author":"Schou N\u00f8r\u00f8xe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6413-2-19","article-title":"Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of extracranial glioblastoma multiforme: case report and review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Schultz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cytojournal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1159\/000517480","article-title":"Cytology of extraneural metastases of nonhematolymphoid primary central nervous system tumors: six cases with histopathological correlation and literature update","volume":"65","author":"Schwock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Cytologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2012.51.3.147","article-title":"Extraneural metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme presenting as an unusual neck mass","volume":"51","author":"Seo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib169","first-page":"772","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme with liver metastasis--case report","volume":"47","author":"Shuto","year":"1995","journal-title":"No to Shinkei"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3036-0","article-title":"Extra central nervous system metastases from glioblastoma: a new possible trigger event?","volume":"38","author":"Simonetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2012.32376","article-title":"Extracerebral metastases of glioblastoma have a different vasculature than primary tumour. A case report of glioblastoma extracranial metastases","volume":"50","author":"Snopkowska-Wiaderna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib172","first-page":"75","article-title":"Metastasis from a glioblastoma and Staphylococcus aureus spondylitis in the same vertebral body","volume":"65","author":"Solau-Gervais","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Engl Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib173","first-page":"e35803","article-title":"Extracranial glioblastoma metastasis: a neuropathological case report","volume":"15","author":"Stoyanov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-017-1249-6","article-title":"Extracranial metastases of high-grade glioma: the clinical characteristics and mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Surg Onc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2019.08.011","article-title":"Glioblastoma with extracranial parotid, lymph node, and pulmonary metastases: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Swinnen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690500305506","article-title":"Extra-cranial metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme presenting as acute parotitis","volume":"19","author":"Taha","year":"2005","journal-title":"British J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/030089161309900521","article-title":"Multiple bone metastases from glioblastoma multiforme without local brain relapse: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"99","author":"Takanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tumori J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.04.004","article-title":"Extraneural metastatic paediatric glioblastoma: Case report and literature review","volume":"76","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-012-0179-5","article-title":"Freiburg neuropathology case conference: widespread mass lesions after resection of a glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"22","author":"Taschner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib180","first-page":"824","article-title":"Multiple extracranial metastases from secondary glioblastoma: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Taskapilioglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib181","first-page":"192","article-title":"Extraneural spread of glioblastoma\u2013report of two cases","volume":"31","author":"Templeton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncol Res Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-9-53","article-title":"Extracranial propagation of glioblastoma with extension to pterygomaxillar fossa","volume":"9","author":"Tomac","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199003000-00026","article-title":"Extra-CNS metastases of glioblastoma: CT and MR studies","volume":"14","author":"Trattnig","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-6540-1","article-title":"Widely metastatic glioblastoma with BRCA1 and ARID1A mutations: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Umphlett","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4321\/S1137-66272015000100022","article-title":"Multiple extraneural metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"38","author":"Undabeitia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anales del sistema sanitario de Navarra"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0339(199607)15:1<60::AID-DC12>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration: A report of two cases and a review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Vural","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1053\/clon.1999.9045","article-title":"Systemic metastases of glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"11","author":"Waite","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib188","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Lymph node metastases from glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"17","author":"Wallace","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib189","first-page":"212","article-title":"Gliosarcoma with areas of primitive neuroepithelial differentiation and extracranial metastasis","volume":"20","author":"Wharton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1159\/000007761","article-title":"Uncommon metastasis of a glioblastoma multiforme in liver and spleen","volume":"61","author":"Widjaja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1962.19.3.0186","article-title":"Extracranial metastases of a glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"19","author":"Wisiol","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-017-1300-7","article-title":"Postoperative extracranial metastasis from glioblastoma: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948933","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.948933","article-title":"Case report: the effective response to pembrolizumab in combination with bevacizumab in the treatment of a recurrent glioblastoma with multiple extracranial metastases","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.43.452","article-title":"Glioblastoma with metastasis to the spleen\u2014case report","volume":"43","author":"Yasuhara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(85)90122-3","article-title":"Extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma with sarcomatous component","volume":"24","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410140514","article-title":"Diffuse bone marrow metastasis by glioblastoma: Premortem diagnosis by peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein","volume":"14","author":"Yung","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib197","first-page":"e25464","article-title":"Bone metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Laguado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1992.01880070085016","article-title":"Cervical metastatic glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"118","author":"Zappia","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol\u2013Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705455","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.705455","article-title":"Bone metastases of glioblastoma: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-0044-9","article-title":"Multiple extracranial metastases from secondary glioblastoma multiforme: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"97","author":"Zhen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875024016875?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875024016875?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T22:30:51Z","timestamp":1749681051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875024016875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":200,"alternative-id":["S1878875024016875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mesenchymal-Type Genetic Mutations Are Likely Prerequisite for Glioblastoma Multiforme to Metastasize Outside the Central Nervous System: An Original Case Series and Systematic Review of the Literature","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.138","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}