{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:28:09Z","timestamp":1793420889152,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T23:18:04Z","timestamp":1745363884000},"page":"123970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Global Disease Burden, Trends, and Inequalities of Brain and Central Nervous System Cancers, 1990\u20132021: A Population-Based Study with Projections to 2036"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Zhixing","family":"Kuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiannan","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meina","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsheng","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benhua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3112","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of brain cancer in Africa: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Uwishema","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab199","article-title":"Importance of the intersection of age and sex to understand variation in incidence and survival for primary malignant gliomas","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib3","first-page":"381","article-title":"Brain and other central nervous system tumor statistics, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01513-z","article-title":"Glioma targeted therapy: insight into future of molecular approaches","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6511-6","article-title":"Prognostic factors of patients with Gliomas \u2013 an analysis on 335 patients with Glioblastoma and other forms of Gliomas","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30468-X","article-title":". Global, regional, and national burden of brain and other CNS cancer, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0023","article-title":"Glioblastoma and other primary brain malignancies in adults: a review","volume":"329","author":"Schaff","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112119","article-title":"An insight into the risk factors of brain tumors and their therapeutic interventions","volume":"143","author":"Rasheed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14732-6_13","article-title":"The economic burden of malignant brain tumors","volume":"1394","author":"Khanmohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npae039","article-title":"Healthcare spending versus mortality in central nervous system cancer: has anything changed?","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib11","article-title":"Neuro-oncology access in Sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review of challenges and opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Yevudza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox091","article-title":"Global incidence of malignant brain and other central nervous system tumors by histology, 2003\u20132007","volume":"19","author":"Leece","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-021-01152-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors","volume":"21","author":"Ostrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000541917","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of brain and central nervous system cancers for males from 1990 to 2021 and its predicted level in the next 25 years","volume":"10","author":"Maimaiti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00965-5","article-title":"Burden and trends of brain and central nervous system cancer from 1990 to 2019 at the global, regional, and country levels","volume":"80","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8614","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5553","article-title":"National and subnational burden of brain and central nervous system cancers in Iran, 1990\u20132019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"12","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102873","article-title":"The global, regional, and national patterns of change in the burden of congenital birth defects, 1990\u20132021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021 and forecast to 2040","volume":"77","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Supplement_5","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac202","article-title":"CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2015\u20132019","volume":"24","author":"Ostrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.12.112","article-title":"Epidemiology of brain and other central nervous system cancers in the North Africa and Middle East region: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 1990\u20132019","volume":"171","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00812-2","article-title":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 estimates: implications for health policy and research","volume":"403","author":"Ward","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00769-4","article-title":"Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Murray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::AID-SIM336>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201500263","article-title":"Projecting the future burden of cancer: Bayesian age\u2013period\u2013cohort analysis with integrated nested Laplace approximations","volume":"59","author":"Riebler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-12928-1","article-title":"Global burden of central nervous system tumors and cancers in older adults: the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"272","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.09.003","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality trends in pediatric central nervous system tumors over the past 2 decades","volume":"179","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13285","article-title":"DNA repair as a shared hallmark in cancer and ageing","volume":"16","author":"Clarke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5232","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-3874","article-title":"Advanced age increases immunosuppression in the brain and decreases immunotherapeutic efficacy in subjects with glioblastoma","volume":"26","author":"Ladomersky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24055045","article-title":"Impacts of environmental pollution on brain tumorigenesis","volume":"24","author":"Pagano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56574-w","article-title":"Comorbid medical conditions as predictors of overall survival in glioblastoma patients","volume":"9","author":"Carr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5647","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000205961","article-title":"Medical comorbidities as predictors of survival in glioblastoma (P6-5.014)","volume":"102","author":"Bessette","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.00165","article-title":"Decision making in older adults with cancer","volume":"39","author":"DuMontier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad038","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of complications from the treatment of primary central nervous system tumors in adults","volume":"25","author":"Weller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0418","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics and genetic alterations in adult diffuse glioma in East Asian populations","volume":"19","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.1789","article-title":"Adult glioma incidence and survival by race or ethnicity in the United States from 2000 to 2014","volume":"4","author":"Ostrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac213","article-title":"Disease burden, risk factors, and trends of primary central nervous system (CNS) cancer: a global study of registries data","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib37","article-title":"Navigating the challenges of neuro-oncology in Africa: addressing diagnostic and treatment barriers in the region: a correspondence","volume":"6","author":"Aderinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJS Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib38","article-title":"Neuro-oncology access in Sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review of challenges and opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Yevudza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac098","article-title":"Adult brain tumors in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Kanmounye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07272-z","article-title":"Neuro-oncological research output in Africa: a scoping review of primary brain tumors","volume":"45","author":"Moawad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.118","article-title":"Governance challenges to the neurosurgical care of brain tumors in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"190","author":"Shakir","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102816","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in all-cause and cause-specific death among children with malignant central nervous system tumours: a registry-based cohort retrospective analysis","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib43","first-page":"85","article-title":"Healthcare programs in the eight European nations members of the World health organization small countries initiative for health: Andorra, Cyprus, Iceland, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino","volume":"55","author":"Gualtieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk Pediatri Ars"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S314959","article-title":"Nordic health registry-based research: a review of health care systems and key registries","volume":"13","author":"Laugesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.11.030","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in South Eastern Europe in the last decade: gaps persist compared with the rest of Europe","volume":"49","author":"Znaor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib46","article-title":"Patients with cancer in the countries of south-east Europe (the Balkans) region and prospective of the particle therapy center: south-east European international Institute for sustainable technologies (SEEIIST)","volume":"6","author":"Ristova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib47","first-page":"270","article-title":"Cancers of the brain and CNS: global patterns and trends in incidence","volume":"19","author":"Miranda-Filho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34120","article-title":"Young adult males have worse survival than females that is largely independent of treatment received for many types of central nervous system tumors: a National Cancer Database analysis","volume":"128","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1930-2","article-title":"An integrative view on sex differences in brain tumors","volume":"72","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05165-0","article-title":"The role of sex genotype in paediatric CNS tumour incidence and survival","volume":"37","author":"Soon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875025003262?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875025003262?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T13:13:40Z","timestamp":1750857220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875025003262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S1878875025003262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Global Disease Burden, Trends, and Inequalities of Brain and Central Nervous System Cancers, 1990\u20132021: A Population-Based Study with Projections to 2036","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123970","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"123970"}}