{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T06:27:26Z","timestamp":1794551246445,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T15:41:42Z","timestamp":1779464502000},"page":"125066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Frameless and Fiducial-Less Deep Brain Stimulation Surgeries: A Retrospective Comparison of 178 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"212","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob T.","family":"Hockman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoan","family":"Ganev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0982-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhav","family":"Sankhyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0050-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram","family":"Simhambhatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Prim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayef","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bucholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.016","article-title":"Awake high-flow extracranial to intracranial bypass for complex cerebral aneurysms: institutional clinical trial results","volume":"105","author":"Abdulrauf","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.04.010","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease patient preference and experience with various methods of DBS lead placement","volume":"41","author":"LaHue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.05.132","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perioperative experience of awake deep-brain stimulation for parkinson disease","volume":"105","author":"Mulroy","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-6111(94)90049-3","article-title":"The NeurostationTM-A highly accurate, minimally invasive solution to frameless stereotactic neurosurgery","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.10.PEDS10352","article-title":"Skull-fixated fiducial markers improve accuracy in staged frameless stereotactic epilepsy surgery in children: clinical article","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000481102","article-title":"Frameless functional stereotactic approaches","volume":"33","author":"Palys","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neurol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3814-4","article-title":"Accuracy and workflow of navigated spinal instrumentation with the mobile AIRO(\u00ae) CT scanner","volume":"25","author":"Hecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.1.SPINE17927","article-title":"Use of the Airo mobile intraoperative CT system versus the O-arm for transpedicular screw fixation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a retrospective cohort study of 263 patients","volume":"29","author":"Scarone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1159\/000512615","article-title":"The poised cannula technique reduces the stereotactic error of the fiducial-less frameless DBS procedure","volume":"99","author":"Moser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stereotactic Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2013.848838","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease using frameless technology","volume":"28","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03035.x","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease using frameless stereotaxy: Comparison with frame-based surgery","volume":"17","author":"Tai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.103.3.0404","article-title":"Frameless stereotaxy using bone fiducial markers for deep brain stimulation","volume":"103","author":"Holloway","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100683","article-title":"O-Arm navigated frameless and fiducial-less deep brain stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Krahul\u00edk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000496810","article-title":"A comparative study of fiducial-based and fiducial-less registration utilizing the O-Arm","volume":"97","author":"Toms","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stereotactic Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.03.006","article-title":"Is awake physiological confirmation necessary for DBS treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease today? A comparison of intraoperative imaging, physiology, and physiology imaging-guided DBS in the past decade","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain stimulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015151136","article-title":"Interventional MR imaging for deep-brain stimulation electrode placement","volume":"281","author":"Chansakul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198529","article-title":"Towards unambiguous reporting of complications related to deep brain stimulation surgery: a retrospective single-center analysis and systematic review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Engel","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.12.122","article-title":"Evaluation of patient perspectives toward awake, frame-based deep-brain stimulation surgery","volume":"111","author":"Ben-Haim","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2011.568640","article-title":"The experience of patients undergoing awake craniotomy for intracranial masses: expectations, recall, satisfaction and functional outcome","volume":"25","author":"Manchella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib20","series-title":"Introduction to Meta-Analysis","first-page":"77","article-title":"Fixed-effect versus random-effects models","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-52","article-title":"Meta-analyses and forest plots using a microsoft excel spreadsheet: step-by-step guide focusing on descriptive data analysis","volume":"5","author":"Neyeloff","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X1900520X","article-title":"The risk of cancer from CT scans and other sources of low-dose radiation: a critical appraisal of methodologic quality","volume":"35","author":"Schultz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00005-5","article-title":"The visual analogue pain intensity scale: what is moderate pain in millimetres?","volume":"72","author":"Collins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer195","article-title":"Determination of moderate-to-severe postoperative pain on the numeric rating scale: a cut-off point analysis applying four different methods","volume":"107","author":"Gerbershagen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-5900(03)00716-8","article-title":"Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trials of postoperative pain","volume":"4","author":"Jensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew466","article-title":"Measuring acute postoperative pain using the visual analog scale: the minimal clinically important difference and patient acceptable symptom state","volume":"118","author":"Myles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-013-9890-1","article-title":"Gabapentin reduces preoperative anxiety and pain catastrophizing in highly anxious patients prior to major surgery: a blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib28","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Validation of visual analogue scale for anxiety (VAS-A) in preanesthesia evaluation","volume":"79","author":"Facco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Minerva anestesiologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.016","article-title":"Comparison of frame-based versus frameless intracranial stereotactic biopsy: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Dhawan","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa428","article-title":"Robot-assisted stereotaxy reduces target error: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of 6056 trajectories","volume":"88","author":"Philipp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04561-9","article-title":"Frameless stereotaxy in subthalamic deep brain stimulation: 3-year clinical outcome","volume":"42","author":"Piano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.08.039","article-title":"Accuracy of frame-based and frameless systems for deep brain stimulation: a meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.02.037","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of microelectrode recording in deep brain stimulation surgery with intraoperative CT","volume":"40","author":"Kochanski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000489945","article-title":"Accuracy of microelectrode trajectory adjustments during dbs assessed by intraoperative CT","volume":"96","author":"Bus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stereotactic Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.4.JNS232553","article-title":"Awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"Maroufi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000536310","article-title":"Awake versus asleep anesthesia in deep brain stimulation surgery for parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stereotactic Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000001423","article-title":"A general framework for characterizing inaccuracy in stereotactic systems","volume":"28","author":"Jensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["World Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875026002822?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878875026002822?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T05:36:18Z","timestamp":1794548178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878875026002822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S1878875026002822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-8750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-8750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Frameless and Fiducial-Less Deep Brain Stimulation Surgeries: A Retrospective Comparison of 178 Patients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Neurosurgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2026.125066","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"125066"}}