{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:24:57Z","timestamp":1788391497325,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Women and Birth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T02:31:55Z","timestamp":1694485915000},"page":"63-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Factors associated with spontaneous vaginal birth in nulliparous women: A descriptive systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Kearney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Nugent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Shipstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John MD","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5220-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Boulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendall","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Robins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9909-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Bogossian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16926","article-title":"What women emphasise as important aspects of care in childbirth \u2013 an online survey","volume":"129","author":"Vedeler","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG: Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002471","article-title":"National partnership for maternal safety: consensus bundle on safe reduction of primary cesarean births-supporting intended vaginal births","volume":"131","author":"Lagrew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"10155","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31928-7","article-title":"Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections","volume":"392","author":"Boerma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib4","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia's Mothers and Babies. 2021. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports-data\/population-groups\/mothers-babies\/overview."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib5","unstructured":"U.K. Birth Trends. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/5204\/births-in-the-uk\/#topicOverview."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.01.026","article-title":"Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery","volume":"210","author":"Cahill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"10155","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31930-5","article-title":"Short-term and long-term effects of caesarean section on the health of women and children","volume":"392","author":"Sandall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10155","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31927-5","article-title":"Interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections in healthy women and babies","volume":"392","author":"Betr\u00e1n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003109","article-title":"Safety assessment of a large-scale improvement collaborative to reduce nulliparous cesarean delivery rates","volume":"133","author":"Main","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-00983-y","article-title":"Reducing unnecessary caesarean sections: scoping review of financial and regulatory interventions","volume":"17","author":"Opiyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203274","article-title":"Non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean section targeted at organisations, facilities and systems: systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"13","author":"Kingdon","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib12","article-title":"Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery","volume":"2010","author":"O'Mahony","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-36","article-title":"Vacuum assisted birth and risk for cerebral complications in term newborn infants: a population-based cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Ek\u00e9us","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12072","article-title":"The impact of previous birth experiences on maternal fear of childbirth","volume":"92","author":"St\u00f8rksen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib15","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib16","unstructured":"State of Queensland (Queensland Health). Queensland Perinatal Data Collection (QPDC) Manual 2023\u20132024. 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib17","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2011.01662.x","article-title":"Reviewing studies with diverse designs: the development and evaluation of a new tool: reviewing studies with diverse designs","volume":"18","author":"Sirriyeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16030","article-title":"Induction of labour using prostaglandin E2 as an inpatient versus balloon catheter as an outpatient: a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"127","author":"Beckmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG: Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19044","article-title":"Traditionally vs sonographically coached pushing in second stage of labor: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Bellussi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"65","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta21650","article-title":"A multicentre, randomised controlled trial of position during the late stages of labour in nulliparous women with an epidural: clinical effectiveness and an economic evaluation (BUMPES)","volume":"21","author":"Bick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.05.020","article-title":"Prophylactic manual rotation of occiput posterior and transverse positions to decrease operative delivery: the PROPOP randomized clinical trial","volume":"225","author":"Blanc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2018.0079","article-title":"Prenatal yoga: effects on alleviation of labor pain and birth outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Bolanthakodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alter. Complement Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13986","article-title":"Effect of immediate vs delayed pushing on rates of spontaneous vaginal delivery among nulliparous women receiving neuraxial analgesia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"320","author":"Cahill","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-6138(03)00052-4","article-title":"A prospective randomised trial on the effect of position in the passive second stage of labour on birth outcome in nulliparous women using epidural analgesia","volume":"20","author":"Downe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2002.02109.x","article-title":"A randomised clinical trial comparing the effects of delayed versus immediate pushing with epidural analgesia on mode of delivery and faecal continence","volume":"109","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.105197","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of delayed pushing for nulliparous women in the second stage of labor with continuous epidural analgesia","volume":"182","author":"Fraser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2022.100731","article-title":"Room4Birth \u2013 The effect of giving birth in a hospital birthing room designed with person-centred considerations: a Swedish randomised controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Goldkuhl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800566","article-title":"Labor induction versus expectant management in low-risk nulliparous women","volume":"379","author":"Grobman","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.05.014","article-title":"The marathon of labour\u2014Does regular exercise training influence course of labour and mode of delivery?: Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"251","author":"Haakstad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"7670","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib31","first-page":"618","article-title":"Effect on birth outcomes of a formalised approach to care in hospital labour assessment units: international, randomised controlled trial","volume":"337","author":"Hodnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12257","article-title":"A predictive model for cesarean among low\u2010risk nulliparous women in spontaneous labor at hospital admission","volume":"44","author":"Janssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-5506.2017.00353.9","article-title":"Antepartum breathing exercises and predictors for spontaneous vaginal delivery among primigravid and multigravid women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Karkada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460170051032","article-title":"Continuous emotional support during labor in a US hospital: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"265","author":"Kennell","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA: J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.08.002","article-title":"When to stop pushing: effects of duration of second-stage expulsion efforts on maternal and neonatal outcomes in nulliparous women with epidural analgesia","volume":"201","author":"Le Ray CMDM","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"9275","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05251-X","article-title":"Effect of low-dose mobile versus traditional epidural techniques on mode of delivery: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"358","author":"Shennan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.09.006","article-title":"A pilot randomised controlled trial exploring the effects of antenatal reflexology on labour outcomes","volume":"55","author":"McCullough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03446.x","article-title":"Effects of continuity of care by a primary midwife (caseload midwifery) on caesarean section rates in women of low obstetric risk: the COSMOS randomised controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"McLachlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"7699","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib39","first-page":"880","article-title":"Effect of food intake during labour on obstetric outcome: randomised controlled trial","volume":"338","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib40","first-page":"109","article-title":"Management of the second stage of labor in nulliparas with continuous epidural analgesia","volume":"102","author":"Plunkett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14397","article-title":"The impact of motivational interviewing on participation in childbirth preparation classes and having a natural delivery: a randomised trial","volume":"124","author":"Rasouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-289X(03)00008-6","article-title":"Does the use of low dose bupivacaine\/opioid epidural infusion increase the normal delivery rate?","volume":"12","author":"Reynolds","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J. Obstet. Anesth."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12011","article-title":"Obstetric outcome after intervention for severe fear of childbirth in nulliparous women \u2013 randomised trial","volume":"120","author":"Rouhe","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2020.1867973","article-title":"Delayed versus early pushing during the second stage of labour in primigravidas under epidural anaesthesia with occipitoposterior malposition: a randomised controlled study","volume":"42","author":"Saad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14438","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of oral bicarbonate treatment for labor stagnation","volume":"47","author":"Seyedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002306","article-title":"Epidural analgesia during the second stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"130","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib47","first-page":"61","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a theory-based health education on prevention of elective cesareans in Iran","volume":"9","author":"Soheili","year":"2021","journal-title":"mdrsjrns"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1339268","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a new treatment for labor dystocia","volume":"31","author":"Wiberg-Itzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03794-6","article-title":"The effect of yoga on the delivery and neonatal outcomes in nulliparous pregnant women in Iran: a clinical trial study","volume":"21","author":"Yekefallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib50","first-page":"7249","article-title":"The effect of continuous midwifery services on the delivery mode, labor progress, and nursing satisfaction of primiparas during natural deliveries","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2018.06.007","article-title":"B butterfly campaign: a social marketing campaign to promote normal childbirth among first-time pregnant women","volume":"32","author":"Darsareh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020456","article-title":"Association between birth plan use and maternal and neonatal outcomes in Southern Spain: a case-control study","volume":"18","author":"Hidalgo-Lopezosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J. Environ. Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.28982\/josam.951898","article-title":"Pilates workouts can improve the labor and newborn outcomes: a case control study","volume":"5","author":"K\u0131r\u0131c\u0131","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13734","article-title":"The relationship between resited epidural catheters after secondary epidural catheter failure and vaginal delivery: a retrospective case\u2010control study","volume":"65","author":"Orbach\u2010Zinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04323-1","article-title":"Model of care and chance of spontaneous vaginal birth: a prospective, multicenter matched-pair analysis from North Rhine-Westphalia","volume":"21","author":"Tietjen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13189","article-title":"Association between fetal position at onset of labor and mode of delivery: a prospective cohort study: association between fetal position and mode of delivery","volume":"43","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-022-05111-x","article-title":"Are levator hiatal dimensions in mid-pregnancy associated with mode of delivery?","volume":"33","author":"Bjerkholt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.01.012","article-title":"Term spontaneous trial of labor in nulliparous women of short stature: a hospitals-based cohort study","volume":"246","author":"Boujenah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12222","article-title":"Birth outcomes, intervention frequency, and the disappearing midwife-potential hazards of central fetal monitoring: a single center review","volume":"43","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103341","article-title":"Association between one-to-one midwifery care in the active phase of labour and use of pain relief and birth outcomes: a cohort of nulliparous women","volume":"110","author":"Buerengen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13795","article-title":"The effect of maternal body mass index on duration of induced labor","volume":"99","author":"Carlh\u00e4ll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047040","article-title":"Intrapartum interventions and outcomes for women and children following induction of labour at term in uncomplicated pregnancies: a 16-year population-based linked data study","volume":"11","author":"Dahlen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14017","article-title":"Maternal body mass index and risk of obstetric, maternal and neonatal outcomes: a cohort study of nulliparous women with spontaneous onset of labor","volume":"100","author":"Dalbye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2731","article-title":"Predicting operative delivery","volume":"27","author":"Dietz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12611","article-title":"Maternal age is a risk factor for caesarean section following induction of labour","volume":"57","author":"Dunn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-168","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in primary, unscheduled cesarean deliveries among low-risk primiparous women at an academic medical center: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Edmonds","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12177","article-title":"Which women are at an increased risk of a caesarean section or an instrumental vaginal birth in the UK: an exploration within the Millennium Cohort Study","volume":"120","author":"Essex","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000872","article-title":"Nulliparous women in the second stage of labor changes in delivery outcomes between two cohorts from 2000 and 2011","volume":"126","author":"Fitzwater","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1316448","article-title":"Does delayed pushing in the second stage of labor impact perinatal outcomes","volume":"29","author":"Frey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15808","article-title":"Narrow subpubic arch angle is associated with higher risk of persistent occiput posterior position at delivery","volume":"48","author":"Ghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.10.010","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of caseload midwifery program and standard midwifery-led care on primiparous birth outcomes: a retrospective cohort matching study","volume":"69","author":"Gidaszewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1609927","article-title":"Pushing the limits: perinatal outcomes beyond prolonged second stage","volume":"34","author":"Gimovsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.06.013","article-title":"Teenage pregnancies: obstetric characteristics and outcome","volume":"137","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100249","article-title":"Intrapartum ultrasound at the initiation of the active second stage of labor predicts spontaneous vaginal delivery","volume":"3","author":"Hadad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-17","article-title":"Labouring women who used a birthing pool in obsteric units in Italy: Prospective observational study","volume":"14","author":"Henderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.05.002","article-title":"Ethnicity and mode of delivery in \u2018low-risk\u2019 first-time mothers, East London, 1988\u20131997","volume":"118","author":"Ibison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib77","first-page":"21","article-title":"A comparison of the outcomes of partnership caseload midwifery and standard hospital care in low risk mothers","volume":"22","author":"Kelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib78","article-title":"Induction of labour with sequential double-balloon catheter and oral misoprostol versus oral misoprostol alone in obese women","volume":"3","author":"Kehl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. X"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2009.00374.x","article-title":"How does preference for natural childbirth relate to the actual mode of delivery? A population-based cohort study from Norway","volume":"37","author":"Kringeland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.07.045","article-title":"A large head circumference is more strongly associated with unplanned cesarean or instrumental delivery and neonatal complications than high birthweight","volume":"213","author":"Lipschuetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2013.09.001","article-title":"Care seeking during the latent phase of labour \u2013 Frequencies and birth outcomes in two delivery wards in Sweden","volume":"4","author":"Lundgren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-021-06111-w","article-title":"Combination of early pushing with extended second stage increases the rates of spontaneous vaginal deliveries, but might be associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"305","author":"Masri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04209-2","article-title":"Obstetrician involvement in planned midwife-led births: a cohort study in an obstetric department of a University Hospital in Switzerland","volume":"21","author":"Morr","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6209605","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6209605","article-title":"Mode of delivery according to leisure time physical activity before and during pregnancy: a multicenter cohort study of low-risk women","volume":"2017","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13342","article-title":"The association between sonographic fetal head circumference, obstetric anal sphincter injury and mode of delivery: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"61","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.01.013","article-title":"Change in primary midwife-led care in the Netherlands in 2000\u20132008: a descriptive study of caesarean sections and other interventions among 807,437 low risk births","volume":"31","author":"Offerhaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.06.021","article-title":"Maternal adaptations in preparation for parturition predict uncomplicated spontaneous delivery outcome","volume":"211","author":"Oliphant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib88","first-page":"915","article-title":"Persistent fetal occiput posterior position: obstetric outcomes","volume":"101","author":"Ponkey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13045","article-title":"Epidural use in labour is not associated with an increased risk of maternal or neonatal morbidity when the second stage is prolonged","volume":"60","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1543655","article-title":"Effect of obesity on labor duration among nulliparous women with epidural analgesia","volume":"33","author":"Pol\u00f3nia Valente","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820600868966","article-title":"Psychosocial factors and mode of delivery","volume":"27","author":"van de Pol","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14649","article-title":"Association between levator hiatal dimensions on ultrasound during first pregnancy and mode of delivery","volume":"45","author":"van Veelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2007.03.005","article-title":"Birth outcomes associated with interventions in labour amongst low risk women: a population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Tracy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2015.06.005","article-title":"Getting the first birth right: A retrospective study of outcomes for low-risk primiparous women receiving standard care versus midwifery model of care in the same tertiary hospital","volume":"28","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12263","article-title":"Childbirth education class and birth plans are associated with a vaginal delivery","volume":"44","author":"Afshar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.04.015","article-title":"Outcomes of labours augmented with oxytocin","volume":"124","author":"Bugg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib97","first-page":"159","article-title":"Prediction of birth type based on the health belief model","volume":"11","author":"Dadipoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fam. Reprod. Health"},{"issue":"1 May 2013","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib98","article-title":"Rates of obstetric intervention during birth and selected maternal and perinatal outcomes for low risk women born in Australia compared to those born overseas","volume":"13","author":"Dahlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2012.04084.x","article-title":"Study of correlation between maternal fatigue and uterine contraction pattern in the active phase of labour","volume":"21","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib100","article-title":"Using theory of planned behavior for prediction of delivery mode among pregnant women: a theory-based cross-sectional research","volume":"32","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J. Adolesc. Med Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12335","article-title":"Women's knowledge and attitude towards mode of delivery and frequency of cesarean section on mother's request in six public and private hospitals in Tehran, Iran, 2012","volume":"40","author":"Ghotbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2016.11.001","article-title":"Routine interventions in childbirth before and after initiation of an action research project","volume":"11","author":"Nyman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13752.x","article-title":"The characteristics of the second stage of labour in 25 069 singleton deliveries in the North West Thames Health Region, 1988","volume":"99","author":"PATERSON","year":"1992","journal-title":"BJOG: Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1871-5","article-title":"Factors promoting or inhibiting normal birth","volume":"18","author":"Prosser","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830802408381","article-title":"A comparison of Swedish and English primiparae's experiences of birth","volume":"26","author":"Schytt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2007.00191.x","article-title":"Self-rated no- and low- risk pregnancy: a comparison of outcomes for women in obstetric-led and midwife-led units in England","volume":"34","author":"Symon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13970","article-title":"Long\u2010term effects of the nine\u2010item list intervention on obstetric and neonatal outcomes in Robson group 1 \u2013 A time series study","volume":"100","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib108","article-title":"Midwife\u2010led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women","volume":"2016","author":"Sandall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12996","article-title":"The ARRIVE trial: interpretation from an epidemiologic perspective","volume":"64","author":"Carmichael","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women\u2019s. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib110","article-title":"Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour","volume":"2013","author":"Bugg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib111","article-title":"Epidural versus non\u2010epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour","volume":"2018","author":"Anim\u2010Somuah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib112","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. WHO Recommendations in Intrapartum Care for a Positive Childbirth Experience 2018."},{"issue":"10113","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","author":"Acosta-Cazares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30108-5","article-title":"Interventions to prevent maternal obesity before conception, during pregnancy, and post partum","volume":"5","author":"Hanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200407","article-title":"The health belief model and personal health behavior","volume":"2","author":"Becker","year":"1974","journal-title":"Health Educ. Monogr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2020.06.008","article-title":"Enhanced antenatal care: combining one-to-one and group Antenatal Care models to increase childbirth education and address childbirth fear","volume":"34","author":"Swift","year":"2021","journal-title":"Women birth: J. Aust. Coll. Midwives"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2017.08.111","article-title":"YES - yoga especially for mums by midwives: a pilot research study exploring a new antenatal pedagogy","author":"Enchelmaier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib119","article-title":"Continuous support for women during childbirth","author":"Bohren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009_bib120","article-title":"Immersion in water during labour and birth","volume":"2018","author":"Cluett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."}],"container-title":["Women and Birth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1871519223002639?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1871519223002639?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T09:46:14Z","timestamp":1761731174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1871519223002639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1871519223002639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1871-5192"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1871-5192","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Factors associated with spontaneous vaginal birth in nulliparous women: A descriptive systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Women and Birth","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian College of Midwives.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}