{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:31:24Z","timestamp":1791815484265,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-018349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-018349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010409","name":"Children's Investment Fund Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012-05769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-05769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T12:33:48Z","timestamp":1757766828000},"page":"107167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Contraception to women\u2019s economic empowerment: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"196","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3077-5515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn E.","family":"Finlay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Gulaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiseche","family":"Mibenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2813-5295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyovani","family":"Madise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naa Dodua","family":"Dodoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Weinberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3216-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8780-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marita","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7454-1","article-title":"Women\u2019s income and risk of intimate partner violence: Secondary findings from the MAISHA cluster randomised trial in North-Western Tanzania","volume":"19","author":"Abramsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1086\/690952","article-title":"The career costs of children","volume":"125","author":"Adda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e904","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30200-1","article-title":"Trends in contraceptive prevalence rates in Sub-Saharan Africa since the 2012 London summit on family planning: results from repeated cross-sectional surveys","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020118","article-title":"Patterns and determinants of short and long birth intervals among women in selected Sub-Saharan African Countries","volume":"99","author":"Ajayi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-019-09453-2","article-title":"Does having children affect women\u2019s entrepreneurship decision? Evidence from Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Ajefu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Review of Economics of the Household"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554881","article-title":"Economics and Identity","volume":"115","author":"Akerlof","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0035","article-title":"Women\u2019s perception about contraceptive use benefits towards empowerment: A phenomenological study in Southern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Alano","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One1"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2023-002406","article-title":"Priorities for research on family planning impact: recommendations of a WHO think tank meeting","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Family Medicine and Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2013.06.007","article-title":"The women\u2019s empowerment in agriculture index","volume":"52","author":"Alkire","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2016.09.005","article-title":"Husband and wife perspectives on farm household decision-making authority and evidence on intra-household accord in rural Tanzania","volume":"90","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105292","article-title":"Taking power: Women\u2019s empowerment and household well-being in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"140","author":"Annan","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1086\/678983","article-title":"Early childbearing, human capital attainment, and mortality risk: evidence from a longitudinal demographic surveillance area in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"63","author":"Ardington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Economic Development and Cultural Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0747-9","article-title":"Women\u2019s empowerment and fertility preferences in high fertility countries in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"19","author":"Atake","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0070","series-title":"International handbook of population policies","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02040-7_8","article-title":"Sub-Saharan Africa: Slow fertility transitions despite policy efforts","author":"Bado","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1086\/716322","article-title":"Motherhood and women\u2019s self-employment: Theory and evidence from Nigeria","author":"Bago","year":"2023","journal-title":"Economic Development and Cultural Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0080","first-page":"289","article-title":"More power to the pill: The impact of contraceptive freedom on women\u2019s life cycle labor supply","volume":"121","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2013.0001","article-title":"Fifty years of family planning: New evidence on the long-run effects of increasing access to contraception","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brookings Papers on Economic Activity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0090","first-page":"225","article-title":"The opt-in revolution? Contraception and the gender gap in wages","volume":"4","author":"Bailey","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0095","series-title":"3ie Impact Evaluation Report 27","article-title":"What happens once the intervention ends? The medium-term impacts of a cash transfer pragramme in Malawi","author":"Baird","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baird, S., McIntosh, C., & Ozler, B. (2016). \u201cWhen the Money Runs Out: Do Cash Transfers Have Sustained Effects on Human Capital Accumulation?\u201d World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7901.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-7901"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2024.106588","article-title":"Does women\u2019s economic empowerment promote human development in low- and middle-income countries? A meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0110","first-page":"210","article-title":"Women\u2019s empowerment in action: Evidence from a randomized control trial in Africa","volume":"12","author":"Bandiera","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/23293691.2023.2223825","article-title":"Women\u2019s empowerment and completed fertility in Nigeria: What is the modulating effect of religion on the relationship?","volume":"11","author":"Banjo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2307\/2991915","article-title":"Couples\u2019 fertility and contraceptive decision-making in developing countries: Hearing the man\u2019s voice","volume":"24","author":"Bankole","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Family Planning Perspectives"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2101160118","article-title":"Thirty-five years later: Long-term effects of the matlab maternal and child health\/family planning program on older women\u2019s well-being","volume":"11","author":"Barham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S279","DOI":"10.1086\/260166","article-title":"On the interaction between the quantity and quality of children","volume":"81","author":"Becker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wdp.2021.100389","article-title":"Indigenous South Sudanese understanding of women empowerment","volume":"25","author":"Bedigen","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Development Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0140","series-title":"Women\u2019s careers and family formation","first-page":"1","author":"Bhalotra","year":"2020"},{"issue":"530","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2008.02159.x","article-title":"Staying in the classroom and out of the maternity ward? The effect of compulsory schooling laws on teenage births","volume":"118","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10887-009-9039-9","article-title":"Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend","volume":"14","author":"Bloom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Growth"},{"issue":"n\/a","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0155","article-title":"Fertility transitions in low- and middle-income countries: The role of preferences","volume":"n\/a","author":"Bongaarts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0160","first-page":"96","article-title":"Trends in contraceptive prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa: The roles of family planning programs and education","volume":"23","author":"Bongaarts","year":"2019","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0165","series-title":"Children and youth as subjects, objects, agents: Innovative approaches to research across space and time","first-page":"175","article-title":"Global girl policy and the girl effect: Gendered origins and silences","author":"Brown","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0170","article-title":"Reproductive empowerment and contraceptive self-care: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Burke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/wber\/lhp013","article-title":"Gender, poverty and demography: An overview","volume":"23","author":"Buvinic","year":"2009","journal-title":"The World Bank Economic Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0180","series-title":"Measuring women\u2019s economic empowerment: A compendium of selected tools","author":"Buvinic","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105306","article-title":"When alternative hypotheses shape your beliefs: Context effects in probability judgments","volume":"231","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"9837","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60827-7","article-title":"The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning","volume":"380","author":"Canning","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-007-0219-y","article-title":"The associations between inter-pregnancy interval and maternal and neonatal outcomes in Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Cecatti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2017.10.031","article-title":"Stigma of sexual violence and women\u2019s decision to work","volume":"103","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-023-01627-7","article-title":"Traditional supports and contemporary disrupters of high fertility desires in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review","volume":"20","author":"Church","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12202","article-title":"Children and their parents: A review of fertility and causality","volume":"32","author":"Clarke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Surveys"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2012.00308.x","article-title":"Effects of birth spacing on maternal, perinatal, infant, and child health: A systematic review of causal mechanisms","volume":"43","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.15.1809","article-title":"Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes a meta-analysis","volume":"295","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.05.055","article-title":"Effects of birth spacing on maternal health: A systematic review","volume":"196","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0230","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Heroism Studies","first-page":"509","article-title":"Empowerment","author":"Condren","year":"2024"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihae043","article-title":"Association between women\u2019s empowerment and fertility preferences in Ghana","volume":"16","author":"Dadzie","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Health"},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2016.10.012","article-title":"Estimating the causal effect of fertility on women\u2019s employment in Africa using twins","volume":"90","author":"de Jong","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2002.00141.x","article-title":"The impact of the navrongo project on contraceptive knowledge and use, reproductive preferences, and fertility","volume":"33","author":"Debpuur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s10834-020-09679-8","article-title":"Why do households lack emergency savings? The role of financial capability","volume":"41","author":"Despard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932019000609","article-title":"Contraceptive use and its effect on Indian women\u2019s empowerment: Evidence from the national family health survey-4","volume":"52","author":"Dhak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Biosocial Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20201112","article-title":"Reshaping adolescents\u2019 gender attitudes: Evidence from a school-based experiment in India","volume":"112","author":"Dhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.36.1.57","article-title":"Time use and gender in Africa in times of structural transformation","volume":"36","author":"Dinkelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10887-019-09172-4","article-title":"Does female empowerment promote economic development?","volume":"24","author":"Doepke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Growth"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.50.4.1051","article-title":"Women empowerment and economic development","volume":"50","author":"Duflo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121607","article-title":"Education, HIV, and early fertility: experimental evidence from Kenya","volume":"105","author":"Duflo","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0285","series-title":"National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series 10498","article-title":"Intrahousehold resource allocation in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Social norms, separate accounts and consumption choices","author":"Duflo","year":"2004"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_bib631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20241305","article-title":"The Negligible Effect of Free Contraception on Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Burkina Faso","volume":"115","author":"Dupas","year":"2025","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0290","article-title":"Progress towards gender equality in paid parental leave: An analysis of legislation in 193 countries from 1995\u20132022","volume":"1\u201321","author":"Earle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Community, Work & Family"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13552074.2016.1153318","article-title":"INTRODUCTION: Gender and the sustainable development goals","volume":"24","author":"Esquivel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gender and Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.020434","article-title":"SWPER global: A survey-based women\u2019s empowerment index expanded from africa to all low- and middle-income countries","volume":"10","author":"Ewerling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105313","article-title":"Women\u2019s reproductive health and economic activity: A narrative review","volume":"139","author":"Finlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0310","article-title":"Reframing the measurement of women\u2019s work in the Sub-Saharan African context","author":"Finlay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Work, Employment and Society First Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12326","article-title":"Identifying causal effects of reproductive health improvements on women\u2019s economic empowerment through the population poverty research initiative","volume":"96","author":"Finlay","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Milbank Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0320","first-page":"374","article-title":"The gender gap, fertility, and growth","volume":"86","author":"Galor","year":"1996","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13545701.2019.1674451","article-title":"The Intersections of Women\u2019s Economic and Reproductive Empowerment","volume":"26","author":"Gammage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Feminist Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0330","article-title":"How to Estimate causal effects associated with family planning? An introduction to prince BART, a new approach to effect estimation based on principal stratification and Bayesian non-parametric models [Version 2]","volume":"1","author":"Godoy Garraza","year":"2024","journal-title":"VeriXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0335","unstructured":"Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education. (2015). Empowering Women and Strengthening Health Systems and Services Through Investing in Nursing and Midwifery Enterprise: Lessons from Lower-Income Countries: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1086\/340778","article-title":"The power of the pill: Oral contraceptives and women\u2019s career and marriage decisions","volume":"110","author":"Goldin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0345","article-title":"Understanding and measuring women\u2019s economic empowerment","author":"Golla","year":"2011","journal-title":"ICRW"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2017.37.13","article-title":"Birth spacing, human capital, and the motherhood penalty at midlife in the United States","volume":"37","author":"Gough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Demographic Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14973","article-title":"Role of male partner in women\u2019s fertility decision and family planning utilization in four regional states of Ethiopia: A mixed-method study","volume":"163","author":"Gudu","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-015-0451-9","article-title":"Desired fertility and number of children born across time and space","volume":"53","author":"Gunther","year":"2016","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2013.10.028","article-title":"Women\u2019s access to labor market opportunities, control of household resources, and domestic violence: Evidence from Bangladesh","volume":"57","author":"Heath","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2016.11.003","article-title":"Fertility at work: Children and women\u2019s labor market outcomes in Urban Ghana","volume":"126","author":"Heath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Development Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-018-0664-9","article-title":"Early childbearing, school attainment, and cognitive skills: Evidence from madagascar","volume":"55","author":"Herrera Almanza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/jae\/ejy024","article-title":"Teen Fertility and female employment outcomes: Evidence from Madagascar","volume":"28","author":"Herrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of African Economies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayachandran, S. (2020). \u201cSocial Norms as a Barrier to Women\u2019s Employment in Developing Countries.\u201d National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series 27449. doi: 10.3386\/w27449.","DOI":"10.35188\/UNU-WIDER\/2019\/708-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0395","unstructured":"Joshi, S., & Schultz, T. P. (2007). \u201cFamily planning as an investment in development: evaluation of a program\u2019s consequences in Matlab, Bangladesh.\u201d Economic Growth Center Yale University Center Discussion Paper 951."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-012-0172-2","article-title":"Family planning and women\u2019s and children\u2019s health: Long-term consequences of an outreach program in matlab, Bangladesh","volume":"50","author":"Joshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7660.00125","article-title":"Resources, agency, achievements: reflections on the measurement of women\u2019s empowerment","volume":"30","author":"Kabeer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development and Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/13552070512331332273","article-title":"Gender equality and women\u2019s empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1","volume":"13","author":"Kabeer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gender & Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/13552074.2015.1062300","article-title":"Gender, poverty, and Inequality: A brief history of feminist contributions in the field of international development","volume":"23","author":"Kabeer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gender & Development"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0420","article-title":"The causal effect of a family planning intervention on women\u2019s contraceptive use and birth spacing","volume":"119","author":"Karra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12968\/ajmw.2019.0028","article-title":"Optimal birth interval and empowerment: A closer look at women\u2019s agency in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Kudeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"African Journal of Midwifery and Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2023-202151","article-title":"Use of contraceptives, empowerment and agency of adolescent girls and young women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Lassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.104959","article-title":"Grappling with the challenges of measuring women\u2019s economic empowerment in intrahousehold settings","volume":"132","author":"Laszlo","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.04.019","article-title":"Women\u2019s empowerment and reproductive experiences over the lifecourse","volume":"71","author":"Lee-Rife","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"1897","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0036","article-title":"Cultural influences on the effects of social norm appeals","volume":"379","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019881746","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and work: A scoping review of published research","volume":"22","author":"MacGregor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-023-01678-w","article-title":"Suboptimal birth spacing practice and its predictors among reproductive-age women in Sub-Saharan African countries: A multilevel mixed-effects modeling with robust Poisson regression","volume":"20","author":"Mare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2016.00165.x","article-title":"The politics of family planning policies and programs in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"43","author":"May","year":"2017","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20221051","article-title":"Women\u2019s employment and empowerment: descriptive evidence","volume":"112","author":"McKelway","year":"2022","journal-title":"AEA Papers and Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2018.05.031","article-title":"Women\u2019s empowerment in East Africa: Development of a cross-country comparable measure","volume":"110","author":"Miedema","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"545","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2009.02306.x","article-title":"Contraception as development? New evidence from family planning in Colombia","volume":"120","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4967485","article-title":"Factors determining intention to use contraception among sexually active women in South Africa: A multilevel modelling approach","volume":"2024","author":"Motshegwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances in Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0485","series-title":"Studies on economic development and growth in selected African countries","first-page":"11","article-title":"Measuring women\u2019s empowerment in Rwanda","author":"Musonera","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabimanya, B., Mayanja, E., Kyarikunda, M., et al. (2024). Empowering women economically is more important than personal and socio-cultural empowerment. Analysis of 2022 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, PREPRINT (Version 1).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4138861\/v1"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/09645292.2023.2202370","article-title":"The causal effect of education on women\u2019s empowerment: Evidence from Kenya","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen-Phung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Education Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12250","article-title":"Contraceptive adoption and changes in empowerment in Kenya, Nigeria, and Senegal","volume":"54","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0505","first-page":"44","article-title":"Fertility, family size preference and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: 1990-2014","volume":"22","author":"Odimegwu","year":"2018","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/23311983.2020.1788878","article-title":"Female-dominated informal labour sector and family (in) stability: The interface between reproduction and production edited by L. Geraghty","volume":"7","author":"Olu-Owolabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogent Arts & Humanities"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/23322039.2024.2409421","article-title":"Impact of social protection policies on inclusive growth in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from bias-corrected dynamic panel","volume":"12","author":"Onyina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Economics & Finance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100527","article-title":"Girl empower \u2013 A gender transformative mentoring and cash transfer intervention to promote adolescent wellbeing: impact findings from a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Liberia","volume":"10","author":"\u00d6zler","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM \u2013 Population Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-006-9017-2","article-title":"Explaining son preference in rural India: The independent role of structural versus individual factors","volume":"26","author":"Pande","year":"2007","journal-title":"Population Research and Policy Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284521","article-title":"Women empowerment through involvement in community-based health and nutrition interventions: evidence from a qualitative study in India","volume":"18","author":"Pradhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2023.100707","article-title":"Measuring women\u2019s empowerment in agriculture: Innovations and evidence","volume":"38","author":"Quisumbing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Food Security"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0540","article-title":"The EMERGE framework to measure empowerment for health and development","volume":"351","author":"Raj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0545","unstructured":"Raj, A., Dey, A. K., Lundgren, R., and the EMERGE team. (2021). A Conceptual Framework for Measuring Women\u2019s Empowerment. Evidence-Based Measures of Empowerment for Research on Gender Equality [EMERGE]. San Diego, CA: Center on Gender Health and Equity (GEH) University of California San Diego."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed, E., West, B. S., Salazar, M., & Monroy, R. V. (2018). Economic empowerment to improve sexual and reproductive health among women and girls. Global Perspectives on Women\u2019s Sexual and Reproductive Health Across the Lifecourse, edited by S. Choudhury, J. T. Erausquin, and M. Withers. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 297\u2013315.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60417-6_17"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2019.100813","article-title":"Does lower fertility empower women? Evidence from rural Bangladesh","volume":"36","author":"Ruthbah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Economics & Human Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-020-09535-6","article-title":"Gender inequality as a barrier to economic growth: A review of the theoretical literature","volume":"19","author":"Santos Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Review of Economics of the Household"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0565","article-title":"Does family planning improve female economic empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conceptual framework and protocol for causal analysis across the life course [Version 1]","volume":"1","author":"Seager","year":"2024","journal-title":"VeriXiv"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.18280\/ijsdp.150620","article-title":"Dimensions and determinants of women empowerment in developing countries","volume":"15","author":"Soharwardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01363-9","article-title":"Economic empowerment and intimate partner violence: A secondary data analysis of the cross-sectional demographic health surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"21","author":"St\u00f6ckl","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062149","article-title":"Assessing the effects of duration of birth interval on adverse pregnancy outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A propensity score-matched analysis","volume":"13","author":"Tesema","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0585","article-title":"Female labor force participation in developing countries","volume":"87","author":"Verick","year":"2014","journal-title":"IZA World of Labor"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/13545701.2014.935796","article-title":"Women\u2019s paid work and intimate partner violence: Insights from Tanzania","volume":"21","author":"Vyas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Feminist Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1500","article-title":"How does economic empowerment affect women\u2019s risk of Intimate partner violence in low and middle income countries? A systematic review of published evidence","volume":"21","author":"Vyas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of International Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanjala, B. M. (2021). Women, poverty, and empowerment in Africa. pp. 1657\u201379 in The Palgrave Handbook of African Women\u2019s Studies, edited by O. Yacob-Haliso and T. Falola. Cham: Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-28099-4_106"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12104","article-title":"Using evidence to drive impact: Developing the FP goals impact matrix","author":"Weinberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/wbro\/lky010","article-title":"External validity and policy adaptation: From impact evaluation to policy design","volume":"35","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"The World Bank Research Observer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2022.47.15","article-title":"Women\u2019s economic empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"47","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Demographic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2017.09.013","article-title":"Women\u2019s age at first marriage and long-term economic empowerment in Egypt","volume":"102","author":"Yount","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0625","article-title":"Contraceptive trajectories and women\u2019s years of employment activity in low-income countries: Combining fictive cohorts, contraceptive calendar data and sequence analysis [Version 1]","volume":"1","author":"Zan","year":"2024","journal-title":"VeriXiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167_b0630","article-title":"FPsim+: An agent based model of contraceptive use and empowerment [Version 1]","volume":"1","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"VeriXiv"}],"container-title":["World Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0305750X25002530?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0305750X25002530?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T19:31:39Z","timestamp":1786217499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0305750X25002530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["S0305750X25002530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-750X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-750X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Contraception to women\u2019s economic empowerment: A narrative review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"World Development","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107167","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107167"}}