{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:20:46Z","timestamp":1790677246928,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Reports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T08:16:41Z","timestamp":1596615401000},"page":"100073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Safety and COVID-19 Symptoms in Individuals Recently Vaccinated with BCG: a Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Simone J.C.F.M.","family":"Moorlag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanne C.","family":"van Deuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis H.","family":"van Werkhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Jaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Debisarun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Taks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera P.","family":"Mourits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie A.C.M.","family":"Koeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Charlotte J.","family":"de Bree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thijs","family":"ten Doesschate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maartje C.","family":"Cleophas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanne","family":"Smeekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marije","family":"Oosting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank L.","family":"van de Veerdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo A.B.","family":"Joosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"ten Oever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos W.M.","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Aaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Stabell-Benn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos J.","family":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bonten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinout","family":"van Crevel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G.","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib2","series-title":"WHO Timeline-COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib3","series-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): situation report-103","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaf1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","article-title":"Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease","volume":"352","author":"Netea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir240","article-title":"Randomized trial of BCG vaccination at birth to low-birth-weight children: beneficial nonspecific effects in the neonatal period?","volume":"204","author":"Aaby","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182458289","article-title":"Small randomized trial among low-birth-weight children receiving bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination at first health center contact","volume":"31","author":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5170","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5170","article-title":"Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review","volume":"355","author":"Higgins","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix525","article-title":"Early BCG-Denmark and Neonatal Mortality Among Infants Weighing <2500 g: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"65","author":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.09.006","article-title":"Acute lower respiratory tract infections and respiratory syncytial virus in infants in Guinea-Bissau: a beneficial effect of BCG vaccination for girls community based case-control study","volume":"23","author":"Stensballe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib10","first-page":"185","article-title":"The efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccinations for the prevention of acute upper respiratory tract infection in the elderly","volume":"43","author":"Wardhana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Med. Indones."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3143\/geriatrics.42.34","article-title":"[Prevention of elderly pneumonia by pneumococcal, influenza and BCG vaccinations]","volume":"42","author":"Ohrui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.010","article-title":"BCG Vaccination Protects against Experimental Viral Infection in Humans through the Induction of Cytokines Associated with Trained Immunity","volume":"23","author":"Arts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31025-4","article-title":"Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Curtis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.037","article-title":"The pathogenesis and treatment of the \u2018Cytokine Storm\u2019 in COVID-19","volume":"80","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30066-7","article-title":"Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1632","article-title":"Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for Coronavirus Infection in Health Care Workers: A Living Rapid Review","volume":"173","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib17","series-title":"Current information about COVID-19 (novel coronavirus)","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib18","series-title":"Epidemiologische situatie COVID-19 Nederland 08-06-2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.025346","article-title":"Illness, disease, and sickness absence: an empirical test of differences between concepts of ill health","volume":"59","author":"Wikman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020","article-title":"Non-specific effects of BCG vaccine on viral infections","volume":"25","author":"Moorlag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202870109","article-title":"Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"109","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.011","article-title":"Immunometabolic Pathways in BCG-Induced Trained Immunity","volume":"17","author":"Arts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004485","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004485","article-title":"Autophagy controls BCG-induced trained immunity and the response to intravesical BCG therapy for bladder cancer","volume":"10","author":"Buffen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib25","article-title":"COVID-19: A model correlating BCG vaccination to protection from mortality implicates trained immunity","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.042","article-title":"Trained Immunity: a Tool for Reducing Susceptibility to and the Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"181","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0337-y","article-title":"BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19?","volume":"20","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/136.2.171","article-title":"Nonspecific protection of mice against influenza virus infection by local or systemic immunization with Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"136","author":"Spencer","year":"1977","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-152-39327","article-title":"Effects of immunostimulants on resistance of newborn mice to herpes simplex type 2 infection","volume":"152","author":"Starr","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.014","article-title":"BCG Vaccination in Humans Elicits Trained Immunity via the Hematopoietic Progenitor Compartment","author":"Cirovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97508","article-title":"Mycobacterial growth inhibition is associated with trained innate immunity","volume":"128","author":"Joosten","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","article-title":"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib33","article-title":"Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib34","article-title":"Differential COVID-19-attributable mortality and BCG vaccine use in countries","author":"Shet","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib35","article-title":"Association of BCG vaccination policy with prevalence and mortality of COVID-19","author":"Sala","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib36","series-title":"Universal BCG vaccination and protection against COVID-19: critique of an ecological\u00a0study","author":"Faust","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab","volume":"117","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib40","first-page":"529","article-title":"Pilot prospective open, single-arm multicentre study on off-label use of tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"38","author":"Sciascia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e325","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30127-2","article-title":"Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Cavalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","article-title":"Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure","volume":"27","author":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8189","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Rates in BCG-Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Young Adults","volume":"323","author":"Hamiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95192","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095192","article-title":"Homogenous 96-plex PEA immunoassay exhibiting high sensitivity, specificity, and excellent scalability","volume":"9","author":"Assarsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.017","article-title":"A Functional Genomics Approach to Understand Variation in Cytokine Production in Humans","volume":"167","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Cell Reports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666379120300938?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666379120300938?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T22:45:21Z","timestamp":1762987521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666379120300938"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666379120300938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-3791"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-3791","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Safety and COVID-19 Symptoms in Individuals Recently Vaccinated with BCG: a Retrospective Cohort Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell Reports Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100073"}}