{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:18:41Z","timestamp":1783343921629,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["fertstertscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["F&S Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:45:22Z","timestamp":1775843122000},"page":"298-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Silymarin mitigates chemotherapy-induced testicular injury by enhancing antioxidant defense and preserving reproductive function in male mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dhafer","family":"Jawad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrhman","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7764-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder","family":"Abed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib1","first-page":"379","article-title":"The effects of Stevia rebaudiana consumption on male reproductive parameters: a cross-sectional study","volume":"37","author":"Oliwi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmakeftiki"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1134\/S0362119722600527","article-title":"Individual lifestyle and male fertility","volume":"49","author":"Osadchuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib3","first-page":"880","article-title":"Evaluation toxic effect of bisphenol A in reproductive system of male mice and amelioration its effect by green tea extract","volume":"19","author":"Abed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5805","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115805","article-title":"Hormone regulation in testicular development and function","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00182-4","article-title":"The impact of chemotherapy on male fertility: a survey of the biologic basis and clinical aspects","volume":"15","author":"Schrader","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.14459","article-title":"Imaging of fluid in cancer patients treated with systemic therapy: chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"205","author":"Keraliya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.14218\/JERP.2023.00025S","article-title":"Cytotoxic properties of cyclophosphamide: a focus on its mechanistic impacts on male gonadal functions","volume":"9","author":"Olowe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Explor Res Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib8","first-page":"333","article-title":"Uroprotective mechanisms of natural products against cyclophosphamide-induced urinary bladder toxicity: a comprehensive review","volume":"19","author":"Sherif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib9","first-page":"135","article-title":"Nitrogen mustard: a promising class of anti-cancer chemotherapeutics\u2013a review","volume":"13","author":"Dixit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biointerface Res Appl Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib10","article-title":"The impact of oxidative stress on testicular function and the role of antioxidants in improving it: a review","volume":"11","author":"Asadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2017.1354872","article-title":"Acrolein-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in rats: protective effects of whey protein and conjugated linoleic acid","volume":"41","author":"Ayd\u0131n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib12","first-page":"111","article-title":"Leydig cell and spermatogenesis","volume":"1288","author":"Ge","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03253-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress and male infertility: current knowledge of pathophysiology and role of antioxidant therapy in disease management","volume":"77","author":"Barati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s41110-022-00180-w","article-title":"Possible mechanisms involved in the prevention and reversal of chlorpromazine-induced testicular damage by taurine and coenzyme-Q10 in rats","volume":"47","author":"Oyovwi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrire"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2016.01.001","article-title":"Physiology of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis in the male","volume":"43","author":"Corradi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib16","series-title":"Molecular signaling in spermatogenesis and male infertility","first-page":"41","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis","author":"Sengupta","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70014","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide-induced infertility and the impact of antioxidants","volume":"92","author":"Abdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R177","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1178","article-title":"Therapy of endocrine disease: novel protection and treatment strategies for chemotherapy-associated ovarian damage","volume":"184","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib19","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of plant-derived natural products against drug-induced liver injury","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.2020.9.4.836-843","article-title":"Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): a valuable medicinal plant with several therapeutic purposes","volume":"9","author":"Valkov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NP00013J","article-title":"Silybin and its congeners: from traditional medicine to molecular effects","volume":"39","author":"K\u0159en","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox4010204","article-title":"Silymarin as a natural antioxidant: an overview of the current evidence and perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Surai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666230130115332","article-title":"The protective effects of silymarin on the reproductive toxicity: a comprehensive review","volume":"30","author":"Hariyanti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.06.030","article-title":"Silymarin impacts on immune system as an immunomodulator: one key for many locks","volume":"50","author":"Esmaeil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib25","first-page":"425","article-title":"Evaluation level of serum vitamin B12 in Iraqi patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, who used the metformin drug as a hypoglycemic agent","volume":"36","author":"Abed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek\/208443","article-title":"Effect of Ocimum basilicum herbs extract on pro-inflammatory cytokines in ethanol-induced liver damage in rats","volume":"78","author":"Abdullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wiad Lek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib27","first-page":"664","article-title":"Evaluate toxic effect of bisphenol A on kidney of male mice and mitigation its effect by green tea extract","volume":"12","author":"Al-Ziaydi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Glob Pharma Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02082-2","article-title":"Co-administration of selenium nanoparticles and metformin abrogate testicular oxidative injury by suppressing redox imbalance, augmenting sperm quality and Nrf2 protein expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"198","author":"Ebokaiwe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-009-9371-2","article-title":"Changes in sperm characteristics and induction of oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis of experimental rats by a herbicide, atrazine","volume":"58","author":"Abarikwu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib30","first-page":"15","article-title":"Evaluation of Thymus vulgaris aqueous extract as a natural antimicrobial agent against urinary tract infection pathogens","volume":"7","author":"Abed","year":"2026","journal-title":"One Heal Risk Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.35333\/jrp.2020.219","article-title":"Protective effects of quercetin against cisplatin induced urogenital organ toxicity","volume":"24","author":"\u015eener","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Res Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13095","article-title":"Protective effect of curcumin on fertility in cyclophosphamide exposed rats: involvement of multiple pathways","volume":"44","author":"Akomolafe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030237","article-title":"Improvement of testicular steroidogenesis using flavonoids and isoflavonoids for prevention of late-onset male hypogonadism","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4103\/jrpp.JRPP_18_100","article-title":"Clinical role of silymarin in oxidative stress and infertility: a short review for pharmacy practitioners","volume":"8","author":"Zarif-Yeganeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Res Pharm Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23371","article-title":"Chemotherapeutic drugs induced female reproductive toxicity and treatment strategies","volume":"37","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2016.12.008","article-title":"Use of antioxidants reduce lipid peroxidation and improve quality of crossbred ram sperm during its cryopreservation","volume":"74","author":"Banday","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2018.1485687","article-title":"Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: a review","volume":"43","author":"Fanoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-01800-3","article-title":"Silymarin: a promising modulator of apoptosis and survival signaling in cancer","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.035","article-title":"Nrf2: INrf2 (Keap1) signaling in oxidative stress","volume":"47","author":"Kaspar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib40","first-page":"127","author":"Surai","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8050122","article-title":"Flavolignans from silymarin as Nrf2 bioactivators and their therapeutic applications","volume":"8","author":"Vargas-Mendoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diving deeper into mechanisms of acrylamide-induced toxicity: RNA sequencing reveals transcriptomic alteration and retrotransposon expression in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"0","author":"Farodoye","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125521","article-title":"Oleocanthal as a multifunctional anti-cancer agent: mechanistic insights, advanced delivery strategies, and synergies for precision oncology","volume":"26","author":"Jannati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810043","article-title":"Oxidative stress, testicular inflammatory pathways, and male reproduction","volume":"22","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.14.6.397","article-title":"Protective effect of silymarin on viability, motility and mitochondrial membrane potential of ram sperm treated with sodium arsenite","volume":"14","author":"Eskandari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14040084","article-title":"Oxidative processes and xenobiotic metabolism in plants: mechanisms of defense and potential therapeutic implications","volume":"14","author":"Vicidomini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Xenobiot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2018.1444641","article-title":"Testicular toxicity and reproductive performance of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats: the ameliorating role of silymarin as an antioxidant","volume":"38","author":"Heidari Khoei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxin Rev"}],"container-title":["F&S Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666335X26000194?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666335X26000194?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:40:28Z","timestamp":1783341628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666335X26000194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666335X26000194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-335X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-335X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Silymarin mitigates chemotherapy-induced testicular injury by enhancing antioxidant defense and preserving reproductive function in male mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"F&S Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xfss.2026.04.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}