{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:16:36Z","timestamp":1789758996819,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZFJH01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZFJH01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LR26F010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR26F010003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFE0210300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0210300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC2707700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2707700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022C04031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C04031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Innovation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T16:58:39Z","timestamp":1767805119000},"page":"101261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Direct mapping of neural activity via glutamate-weighted magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7828-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qicheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8738-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06976","article-title":"What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI","volume":"453","author":"Logothetis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9868","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation","volume":"87","author":"Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910140108","article-title":"Oxygenation-sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields","volume":"14","author":"Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.54.030192.002451","article-title":"Molecular neurobiology of glutamate receptors","volume":"54","author":"Gasic","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5401.496","article-title":"Energy on Demand","volume":"283","author":"Magistretti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2004.10.018","article-title":"On the nature of the BOLD fMRI contrast mechanism","volume":"22","author":"Logothetis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02264-6","article-title":"The neural basis of functional brain imaging signals","volume":"25","author":"Attwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.02.016","article-title":"Are glutamate and lactate increases ubiquitous to physiological activation? A (1)H functional MR spectroscopy study during motor activation in human brain at 7Tesla","volume":"1","author":"Schaller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00066","article-title":"Working Memory Modulates Glutamate Levels in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex during (1)H fMRS","volume":"9","author":"Woodcock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600401","article-title":"Sustained Neuronal Activation Raises Oxidative Metabolism to a New Steady-State Level: Evidence from 1H NMR Spectroscopy in the Human Visual Cortex","volume":"27","author":"Mangia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.33","article-title":"Investigating the Metabolic Changes due to Visual Stimulation using Functional Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 7 T","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23194","article-title":"Net increase of lactate and glutamate concentration in activated human visual cortex detected with magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 tesla","volume":"91","author":"Schaller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.233","article-title":"Neurochemical and BOLD Responses during Neuronal Activation Measured in the Human Visual Cortex at 7 Tesla","volume":"35","author":"Bedna\u0159\u00edk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000309","article-title":"Increased glutamate levels observed upon functional activation in the anterior cingulate cortex using the Stroop Task and functional spectroscopy","volume":"26","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.030","article-title":"Combined fMRI-MRS acquires simultaneous glutamate and BOLD-fMRI signals in the human brain","volume":"155","author":"Ip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1999.1956","article-title":"A new class of contrast agents for MRI based on proton chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST)","volume":"143","author":"Ward","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2615","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of glutamate","volume":"18","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.589128","article-title":"Mapping the Alterations of Glutamate Using Glu-Weighted CEST MRI in a Rat Model of Fatigue","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00482","article-title":"Mapping the Changes of Glutamate Using Glutamate Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (GluCEST) Technique in a Traumatic Brain Injury Model: A Longitudinal Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22693","article-title":"Longitudinal imaging reveals subhippocampal dynamics in glutamate levels associated with histopathologic events in a mouse model of tauopathy and healthy mice","volume":"27","author":"Crescenzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib26","series-title":"Statistical Parametric Mapping: The Analysis of Functional Brain Images","author":"Penny","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40986-9","article-title":"Brain sugar consumption during neuronal activation detected by CEST functional MRI at ultra-high magnetic fields","volume":"9","author":"Roussel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27013","article-title":"Establishing upper limits on neuronal activity-evoked pH changes with APT-CEST MRI at 7 T","volume":"80","author":"Khlebnikov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.23","article-title":"Biophysical and Physiological Origins of Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent fMRI Signals","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21766","article-title":"Functional MRI with magnetization transfer effects: Determination of BOLD and arterial blood volume changes","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22761","article-title":"Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST): What is in a name and what isn't?","volume":"65","author":"van Zijl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2012.11.024","article-title":"CEST: from basic principles to applications, challenges and opportunities","volume":"229","author":"Vinogradov","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1038\/nm907","article-title":"Using the amide proton signals of intracellular proteins and peptides to detect pH effects in MRI","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.045","article-title":"Magnetization Transfer Contrast and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI. Features and analysis of the field-dependent saturation spectrum","volume":"168","author":"van Zijl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933","article-title":"A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex","volume":"536","author":"Glasser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0419","article-title":"Deconvolution of impulse response in event-related BOLD fMRI","volume":"9","author":"Glover","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0306","article-title":"Event-Related fMRI: Characterizing Differential Responses","volume":"7","author":"Friston","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.045","article-title":"The effect of large veins on spatial localization with GE BOLD at 3 T: Displacement, not blurring","volume":"34","author":"Olman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-0941-6","article-title":"A temporal decomposition method for identifying venous effects in task-based fMRI","volume":"17","author":"Kay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142131","article-title":"In vivo NMR studies of the glutamate neurotransmitter flux and neuroenergetics: implications for brain function","volume":"65","author":"Rothman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1304","article-title":"fMRI retinotopic mapping--step by step","volume":"17","author":"Warnking","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00464-1","article-title":"The role of the primary visual cortex in higher level vision","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2011.08.008","article-title":"Overview of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the nervous system","volume":"100","author":"Niciu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1418.005","article-title":"Glutamate and neurotrophic factors in neuronal plasticity and disease","volume":"1144","author":"Mattson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00469","article-title":"Chronic Glutamate Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases-What is the Evidence?","volume":"9","author":"Lewerenz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22546","article-title":"Fast 3D chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging of the human brain","volume":"64","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2575","article-title":"Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems","volume":"10","author":"Bullmore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.06.028","article-title":"Brain concentrations of glutamate and GABA in human epilepsy: A review","volume":"91","author":"Sarlo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seizure"}],"container-title":["The Innovation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666675826000081?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666675826000081?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:55:53Z","timestamp":1777906553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666675826000081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666675826000081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6758","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Direct mapping of neural activity via glutamate-weighted magnetic resonance imaging","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Innovation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xinn.2026.101261","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Youth Innovation Co., Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101261"}}