{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:15:42Z","timestamp":1792134942683,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000296","name":"British Skin Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["099\/R\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["099\/R\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000296","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jidinnovations.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JID Innovations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T05:54:03Z","timestamp":1743486843000},"page":"100367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Direct Comparative Analysis of HPV DNA with Single-Molecule RNA and p16INK4a Protein Expression in Lichen Sclerosus: Implications for Diagnostics and Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1924-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Kravvas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3966-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boyu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1143-7905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarisse","family":"Ganier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0279-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henk","family":"van den Munckhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4100-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"van den Munckhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8802-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurits","family":"de Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1051-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Jerkovic","family":"Gulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5031-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7005-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiman","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussain","family":"Alnajjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2958-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asif","family":"Muneer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7586-4338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4264-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Millar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7405-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aamir","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6693-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher Barry","family":"Bunker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21269","article-title":"Head and neck squamous cell cancer and the human papillomavirus: summary of a National Cancer Institute State of the Science Meeting, November 9-10, 2008, Washington, D.C","volume":"31","author":"Adelstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e3181d734f1","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus infection in vulvar lichen sclerosus","volume":"14","author":"Aid\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12014","article-title":"Peristomal lichen sclerosus: the role of occlusion and urine exposure?","volume":"168","author":"Al-Niaimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030652","article-title":"Targeted next generation sequencing for human papillomavirus genotyping in cervical liquid-based cytology samples","volume":"14","author":"Andersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54973-7","article-title":"A negative feedback mechanism links UBC gene expression to ubiquitin levels by affecting RNA splicing rather than transcription","volume":"9","author":"Bianchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib6","series-title":"Male genital skin disease","author":"Bunker","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000100011","article-title":"Comparison of HPV genotyping by type-specific PCR and sequencing","volume":"105","author":"Carvalho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624221079068","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus following genital piercing","volume":"33","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052294","article-title":"P16 and HPV genotype significance in HPV-associated cervical cancer-a large cohort of two tertiary referral centers","volume":"22","author":"da Mata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.5.1792-1800.2006","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel highly sensitive, broad-spectrum PCR-reverse hybridization assay for detection and identification of beta-papillomavirus DNA","volume":"44","author":"de Koning","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.08.034","article-title":"Human papillomavirus, lichen sclerosus and penile cancer: a study in Belgium","volume":"30","author":"D\u2019Hauwers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14035","article-title":"Obesity-related male genital lichen sclerosus","volume":"31","author":"Doiron","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.06.003","article-title":"Latent papillomavirus infections and their regulation","volume":"3","author":"Doorbar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.1998.1998015085.x","article-title":"Human papillomavirus is present in some cases of childhood penile lichen sclerosus: an in situ hybridization and SP-PCR study","volume":"15","author":"Drut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2011.00779.x","article-title":"Gene expression profiling in male genital lichen sclerosus","volume":"92","author":"Edmonds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051384","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of genital carcinogenic HPV infections in Paramaribo, Suriname: prevalence and determinants in an ethnically diverse population of women in a pre-vaccination era","volume":"90","author":"Geraets","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357901206010198","article-title":"Evidence and impact of human papillomavirus latency","volume":"6","author":"Gravitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1800574","article-title":"The management of penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN): clinical and histological features and treatment of 345 patients and a review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Kravvas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15127","article-title":"Male genital lichen sclerosus, microincontinence and occlusion: mapping the disease across the prepuce","volume":"47","author":"Kravvas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14488","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of male genital lichen sclerosus: a retrospective review of 301 patients","volume":"32","author":"Kravvas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib21","article-title":"Transcriptionally active human papillomavirus in male genital lichen sclerosus, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and penile squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Kravvas","year":"2025","journal-title":"JID Innov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.155","article-title":"High-risk human papillomavirus is transcriptionally active in a subset of sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"27","author":"Larque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091967","article-title":"Broad-spectrum detection of HPV in male Genital Samples using target-enriched whole-genome sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae071","article-title":"Human malignancies associated with persistent HPV infection","volume":"29","author":"McBride","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150107","article-title":"HPV serology testing confirms high HPV immunisation coverage in England","volume":"11","author":"Mesher","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071323","article-title":"Human papillomavirus detection by whole-genome next-generation sequencing: importance of validation and quality assurance procedures","volume":"13","author":"M\u00fchr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2005.02608.x","article-title":"Association of penile lichen sclerosus and oncogenic human papillomavirus infection","volume":"45","author":"Nasca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14869","article-title":"Male genital lichen sclerosus associated with urological interventions and microincontinence: a case series of 21 patients","volume":"47","author":"Panou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.8.2777-2782.1997","article-title":"Cloning of the dapB gene, encoding dihydrodipicolinate reductase, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"179","author":"Pavelka","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08305.x","article-title":"Human papillomavirus-associated increase in p16INK4A expression in penile lichen sclerosus and squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"158","author":"Prowse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e8517","article-title":"Presence of HPV in later life may represent reactivation, not reinfection","volume":"345","author":"Roehr","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2016.02.008","article-title":"RNA in-situ hybridization is a practical and effective method for determining HPV status of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma including discordant cases that are p16 positive by immunohistochemistry but HPV negative by DNA in-situ hybridization","volume":"55","author":"Rooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-03964-3","article-title":"Comparison of nylon-flocked swabs and cotton swabs in the detection of human papillomavirus infection in men","volume":"56","author":"Sarier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2023.01.017","article-title":"Evaluation of the optimal sampling approach for HPV genotyping in circumcised heterosexual men with genital warts","volume":"29","author":"Sarier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420949395","article-title":"Immunogenetics and human papillomavirus (HPV) in male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc)","volume":"31","author":"Shim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420970727","article-title":"The prevalence of human leucocyte antigen and human papillomavirus DNA in penile intraepithelial neoplasia in England 2011-2012","volume":"32","author":"Shim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.13.4.511-519.2006","article-title":"Serological detection of human papillomavirus type 16 infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and high-risk HIV-negative women","volume":"13","author":"Silverberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib38","first-page":"27","article-title":"Detection of human papillomavirus using in situ hybridization technique in vulvo-vaginal warts","volume":"7","author":"Siti-Aishah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Malays J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib39","first-page":"133","article-title":"High-risk HPV DNA status and p16 (INK4a) expression as prognostic markers in patients with squamous cell cancer of oral cavity and oropharynx","volume":"61","author":"\u015anietura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pol J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib40","first-page":"4049","article-title":"p16 - a possible surrogate marker for high-risk human papillomaviruses in oral cancer?","volume":"17","author":"Sritippho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2002.00420.x","article-title":"Potential human papillomavirus reactivation following topical corticosteroid therapy of genital lichen sclerosus and erosive lichen planus","volume":"16","author":"von Krogh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz324","article-title":"Evaluation of TypeSeq, a novel high-throughput, low-cost, next-generation sequencing-based assay for detection of 51 human papillomavirus genotypes","volume":"220","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2011.08.002","article-title":"RNAscope: a novel in situ RNA analysis platform for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mol Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.160261","article-title":"The presence of human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus in male Chinese lichen sclerosus patients: a single center study","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"}],"container-title":["JID Innovations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667026725000232?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667026725000232?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T22:50:41Z","timestamp":1752619841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667026725000232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2667026725000232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-0267"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-0267","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Direct Comparative Analysis of HPV DNA with Single-Molecule RNA and p16INK4a Protein Expression in Lichen Sclerosus: Implications for Diagnostics and Pathogenesis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JID Innovations","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100367","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Society for Investigative Dermatology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100367"}}