{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T22:39:26Z","timestamp":1768430366658,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AR076725-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AR076725-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011359","name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nassopenaccess.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["North American Spine Society Journal (NASSJ)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T14:32:14Z","timestamp":1763649134000},"page":"100822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Development and reliability of a systematic method to evaluate lumbar paraspinal muscle size and quality in computed tomography images"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0212-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane R.","family":"Carlesso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn M.","family":"Sions","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Anderst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0060-0124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charity G.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafaela M.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiza P.","family":"Weissmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Gale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1716-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara R.","family":"Piva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204428","article-title":"The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study","volume":"73","author":"Hoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of functioning and disability in patients with low back pain \u2013 the low back pain assessment tool. Part 1: development","author":"Ibsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disability Rehabilitat"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1257-5","article-title":"Changes in paraspinal muscles and their association with low back pain and spinal degeneration: CT study","volume":"19","author":"Kalichman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.7916","article-title":"Analysis of motor control in patients with low back pain: a key to personalized care?","volume":"49","author":"van Die\u00ebn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2018-0023","article-title":"Quantitative analysis concerning atrophy and fat infiltration of the multifidus muscle with magnetic resonance spectroscopy in chronic low back pain","volume":"3","author":"Ogon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine Surg Relat Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06170-3","article-title":"Deep learning reconstruction improves image quality of abdominal ultra-high-resolution CT","volume":"29","author":"Akagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23893","article-title":"Relationship between the morphology and composition of the lumbar paraspinal and psoas muscles and lumbar intervertebral motion in chronic low-back pain: an exploratory study","volume":"35","author":"Seyedhoseinpoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0008","article-title":"Body composition analysis using CT and MRI: intraindividual intermodal comparison of muscle mass and myosteatosis","volume":"10","author":"Faron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03432-w","article-title":"Paraspinal back muscles in asymptomatic volunteers: quantitative and qualitative analysis using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)","volume":"21","author":"Khil","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2316-z","article-title":"What is the association between the presence of comorbidities and the appropriateness of care for low back pain? A population-based medical record review study","volume":"19","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2017.02.006","article-title":"Optimization of dose and image quality in adult and pediatric computed tomography scans","volume":"140","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0012","series-title":"Standards for Protection Against Radiation","year":"1991"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv023","article-title":"Trunk muscle size and composition assessment in older adults with chronic low back pain: an intraexaminer and inter-examiner reliability study","volume":"17","author":"Sions","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0014","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging analysis of the Lumbar Multifidus muscle echo intensity: intrarater and inter-rater reliability of a novice and an experienced rater","volume":"57","author":"Fortin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E868","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ef6b51","article-title":"An assessment of the intra- and inter-reliability of the lumbar paraspinal muscle parameters using CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0016","article-title":"Reliability and validity of lumbar paraspinal muscle size and fat measures using diagnostic imaging in adults with or without low back pain: a systematic review protocol","author":"Carlesso","year":"2022","journal-title":"PROSPERO"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-018-2902-z","article-title":"Is a single-level measurement of paraspinal muscle fat infiltration and cross-sectional area representative of the entire lumbar spine?","volume":"47","author":"Urrutia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07296-7","article-title":"Spatial distribution of fat infiltration within the paraspinal muscles: implications for chronic low back pain","volume":"31","author":"Khattab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000067094.55003.AD","article-title":"Reliability of computed tomography measurements of paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area and density in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"28","author":"Keller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2047403","article-title":"Labeling of lumbar discs using both pixel- and object-level features with a two-level probabilistic model. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S","volume":"30","author":"Alomari","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Transact Med Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-07029-x","article-title":"PILLAR: paraspInaL muscLe segmentAtion pRoject - a comprehensive online resource to guide manual segmentation of paraspinal muscles from magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"24","author":"Anstruther","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2059-x","article-title":"Methodological considerations in region of interest definitions for paraspinal muscles in axial MRIs of the lumbar spine","volume":"19","author":"Berry","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1378-z","article-title":"Manually defining regions of interest when quantifying paravertebral muscles fatty infiltration from axial magnetic resonance imaging: a proposed method for the lumbar spine with anatomical cross-reference","volume":"18","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad009","article-title":"Toward the identification of distinct phenotypes: research protocol for the low back pain biological, biomechanical, and behavioral (LB3P) cohort Study and the BACPAC Mechanistic Research Center at the University of Pittsburgh","volume":"24","author":"Vo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.002","article-title":"Guidelines for reporting reliability and agreement studies (GRRAS) were proposed","volume":"64","author":"Kottner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4173","article-title":"Systematic literature review of imaging features of spinal degeneration in asymptomatic populations","volume":"36","author":"Brinjikji","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70069","article-title":"Intervertebral lumbar spine kinematics in chronic low back pain patients measured using biplane radiography","volume":"8","author":"Anderst","year":"2025","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14132903","article-title":"Estimates of effective dose for CT scans of the lower extremities","volume":"273","author":"Saltybaeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06990-2","article-title":"Paraspinal muscle imaging measurements for common spinal disorders: review and consensus-based recommendations from the ISSLS degenerative spinal phenotypes group","volume":"30","author":"Hodges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0030","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Bony Pelvis and lower Limb, Psoas Major","author":"Siccardi","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0031","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Abdomen and Pelvis, Quadratus Lumborum","author":"Bordoni","year":"2022"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1068","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31825640eb","article-title":"The relationship between concave angle of vertebral endplate and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120457","article-title":"Multifidus and paraspinal muscle group cross-sectional areas of patients with low back pain and control patients: a systematic review with a focus on blinding","volume":"93","author":"Fortin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00117-021-00849-9","article-title":"Visualization of the epimysium and fascia thoracolumbalis at the lumbar spine using MRI","volume":"61","author":"Adamietz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiologe"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-010-0757-7","article-title":"3D reconstruction of the crural and thoracolumbar fasciae","volume":"33","author":"Benetazzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06416.x","article-title":"Composition of skeletal muscle evaluated with computed tomography","volume":"904","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2562957","article-title":"The Association between imaging parameters of the paraspinal muscles, spinal degeneration, and low back pain","volume":"2017","author":"Kalichman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res International"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980115)17:1<101::AID-SIM727>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies","volume":"17","author":"Walter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1955.11010510","article-title":"The interpretation of the standard error of measurement","volume":"23","author":"Patterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Experimental Educat"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200011150-00017","article-title":"The Oswestry Disability Index","volume":"25","author":"Fairbank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31828be943","article-title":"Indices of paraspinal muscles degeneration: reliability and association with facet joint osteoarthritis: feasibility study","volume":"29","author":"Kalichman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin spine Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-022-00944-6","article-title":"Correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and paraspinal muscle fat infiltration based on QCT: a cross-sectional study","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_87_19","article-title":"Anatomical and biomechanical study of the lumbar interspinous ligament","volume":"14","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003035","article-title":"The relationship between endplate pathology and patient-reported symptoms for chronic low back pain depends on lumbar paraspinal muscle quality","volume":"44","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0046","article-title":"Association of paraspinal muscle CSA and PDFF measurements with lumbar intervertebral disk degeneration in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-024-08535-9","article-title":"Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of paraspinal muscles for assessing chronic non-specific low back pain in young adults: a prospective case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"}],"container-title":["North American Spine Society Journal (NASSJ)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666548425002422?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666548425002422?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T12:55:37Z","timestamp":1768395337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666548425002422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S2666548425002422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-5484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-5484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development and reliability of a systematic method to evaluate lumbar paraspinal muscle size and quality in computed tomography images","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"North American Spine Society Journal (NASSJ)","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100822","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of North American Spine Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100822"}}