{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:20:03Z","timestamp":1791912003664,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ophthalmologyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T21:01:36Z","timestamp":1677618096000},"page":"100294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exploring Healthy Retinal Aging with Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Menten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robbie","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Leingang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hrvoje","family":"Bogunovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Hagag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1504-3201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Riedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghislaine L.","family":"Traber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9283-1471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama N.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Pawlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4897-9356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Glocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars G.","family":"Fritsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik P.N.","family":"Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sobha","family":"Sivaprasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-7311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Schmidt-Erfurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5683-5889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Rueckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5541-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Lotery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001","article-title":"The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"51","author":"Stitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31550-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"392","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32835f8bf8","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography\u2013current and future applications","volume":"24","author":"Adhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aging of the human retina. Differential loss of neurons and retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.013","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: a variability and diagnostic performance study","volume":"116","author":"Leung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.01.004","article-title":"Effects of age on optical coherence tomography measurements of healthy retinal nerve fiber layer, macula, and optic nerve head","volume":"116","author":"Sung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7872","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7896","article-title":"Profile and predictors of normal ganglion cell\u2013inner plexiform layer thickness measured with frequency-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"52","author":"Mwanza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8769","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8388","article-title":"Effects of age, sex, and axial length on the three-dimensional profile of normal macular layer structures","volume":"52","author":"Ooto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5853","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10414","article-title":"Determinants of ganglion cell\u2013inner plexiform layer thickness measured by high-definition optical coherence tomography","volume":"53","author":"Koh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7968","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12436","article-title":"Determinants of macular thickness using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in healthy eyes: the Singapore Chinese Eye study","volume":"54","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.11.025","article-title":"Retinal thickness measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in eyes without retinal abnormalities: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"159","author":"Myers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.07.033","article-title":"Associations with retinal pigment epithelium thickness measures in a large cohort: results from the UK Biobank","volume":"124","author":"Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55484-1","article-title":"Associations with photoreceptor thickness measures in the UK Biobank","volume":"9","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.015","article-title":"Comparison of associations with different macular inner retinal thickness parameters in a large cohort: the UK Biobank","volume":"127","author":"Khawaja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.07.004","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in retina","volume":"67","author":"Schmidt-Erfurth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164095","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in the UK biobank study\u2014rapid automated analysis of retinal thickness for large population-based studies","volume":"11","author":"Keane","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.009","article-title":"Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging in 67 321 adults: associations with macular thickness in the UK Biobank study","volume":"123","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.059824","article-title":"A\u00a0new quality assessment parameter for optical coherence tomography","volume":"90","author":"Stein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.19","article-title":"Optimal surface segmentation in volumetric images\u2014a graph-theoretic approach","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2009.2016958","article-title":"Automated 3-D intraretinal layer segmentation of macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images","volume":"28","author":"Garvin","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2010.2084567","article-title":"Retinal imaging and image analysis","volume":"3","author":"Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib23","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","volume":"27","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib24","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and pattern Recognition","first-page":"8789","article-title":"Stargan: unified generative adversarial networks for multi-domain image-to-image translation","author":"Choi","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib25","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4509","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.004509","article-title":"Multiple surface segmentation using convolution neural nets: application to retinal layer segmentation in OCT images","volume":"9","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2759102","article-title":"End-to-end adversarial retinal image synthesis","volume":"37","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6205","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.006205","article-title":"Retinal optical coherence tomography image enhancement via deep learning","volume":"9","author":"Halupka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2018.07.001","article-title":"Synthesizing retinal and neuronal images with generative adversarial nets","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12289","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.012289","article-title":"Simultaneous denoising and super-resolution of optical coherence tomography images based on generative adversarial network","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib31","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"273","article-title":"Scientific discovery by generating counterfactuals using image translation","author":"Narayanaswamy","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib32","series-title":"Causality","author":"Pearl","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib33","article-title":"Deep structural causal models for tractable counterfactual inference","volume":"33","author":"Pawlowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294_bib34","series-title":"Deep Generative Models, and Data Augmentation, Labelling, and Imperfections","first-page":"24","article-title":"3d-stylegan: a style-based generative adversarial network for generative modeling of three-dimensional medical images","author":"Hong","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266691452300026X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266691452300026X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:23:38Z","timestamp":1763015018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S266691452300026X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S266691452300026X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-9145","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exploring Healthy Retinal Aging with Deep Learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100294","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100294"}}