{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:02:52Z","timestamp":1789668172634,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ophthalmologyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:23:14Z","timestamp":1711066994000},"page":"100518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Automatic Measurement and Comparison of Normal Eyelid Contour by Age and Gender Using Image-Based Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ji","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peifang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000579","article-title":"Analysis of lid contour change with aging in Asians by measuring midpupil lid distance","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X11398475","article-title":"Anthropometry of the eyelid and palpebral fissure in an Indian population","volume":"31","author":"Patil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib3","first-page":"497","article-title":"The palpebral fissure of the Korean youth","volume":"22","author":"Noh","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Korean Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib4","first-page":"269","article-title":"Contour symmetry of the upper eyelid following bilateral conjunctival-M\u00fcller\u2019s muscle resection","volume":"37","author":"Golbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3182696532","article-title":"Pre- and postoperative quantitative analysis of contour abnormalities in graves upper eyelid retraction","volume":"28","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000002093","article-title":"Upper eyelid contour changes after orbital decompression in Graves orbitopathy","volume":"38","author":"Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.08.039","article-title":"Multiple radial midpupil lid distances: a simple method for lid contour analysis","volume":"119","author":"Milbratz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319666","article-title":"Bezier curves as a total approach to measure the upper lid contour: redefining clinical outcomes in palpebral surgery","volume":"107","author":"Huelin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120812","article-title":"GOMPS: global attention-based ophthalmic image measurement and postoperative appearance prediction system","volume":"232","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.046","article-title":"Machine learning has arrived","volume":"124","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.2009127","article-title":"Deep learning-based image analysis for automated measurement of eyelid morphology before and after blepharoptosis surgery","volume":"53","author":"Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib12","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and deep learning in ophthalmology: current status and future perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Ophthalmol Pract Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-22-551","article-title":"Deep learning-based image analysis of eyelid morphology in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"13","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3182523b7f","article-title":"Margin reflex distance (MRD) 1, 2, and 3","volume":"28","author":"Putterman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6625688","article-title":"R2AU-net: attention recurrent residual convolutional neural network for multimodal medical image segmentation","volume":"2021","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sec Commun Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2023.12.019","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence in oculoplastics","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2021.1908569","article-title":"A\u00a0novel automatic morphologic analysis of eyelids based on deep learning methods","volume":"46","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib18","article-title":"U-net-based medical image segmentation","volume":"2022","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Healthc Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib19","first-page":"3730","article-title":"Deep learning face attributes in the wild. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Santiago"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmva.2014.11.009","article-title":"A\u00a0sufficient condition for the convergence of the mean shift algorithm with Gaussian kernel","volume":"135","author":"Ghassabeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Multivariate Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The Measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)95037-0","article-title":"Digital image processing measurement of the upper eyelid contour in Graves disease and congenital blepharoptosis","volume":"105","author":"Cruz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1619779","article-title":"A\u00a0novel approach for automated eyelid measurements in blepharoptosis using digital image analysis","volume":"44","author":"Lou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05219-8","article-title":"Analysis of surgical outcome after upper eyelid surgery by computer vision algorithm using face and facial landmark detection","volume":"259","author":"Bah\u00e7eci \u015eim\u015fek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0978-9","article-title":"A\u00a0comparative study of full-thickness blepharotomy versus transconjunctival eyelid lengthening in the correction of upper eyelid retraction in Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"42","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aesthet Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05853-w","article-title":"M\u00fcllerotomy with anterior graded M\u00fcller muscle disinsertion for Graves upper eyelid retraction: validation of surgical outcomes using B\u00e9zier curves","volume":"261","author":"Sales-Sanz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.07.030","article-title":"Effect of aging in periocular appearances by comparison of anthropometry between early and middle adulthoods in Chinese Han population","volume":"72","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000304608.33432.67","article-title":"Anthropometry of Asian eyelids by age","volume":"121","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.3.347","article-title":"Topographic anatomy of the eyelids, and the effects of sex and age","volume":"83","author":"van den Bosch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002752","article-title":"Three-dimensional facial averaging: A tool for understanding facial aging","volume":"138","author":"Lambros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-023-02669-3","article-title":"Normal periocular anthropometric measurements in an Australian population","volume":"43","author":"Rana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2022.04.095","article-title":"Analysis of aging-related changes in the lower eyelid tissue structure in Han Chinese women","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2007.01152.x","article-title":"Non-traumatic enophthalmos: a review","volume":"86","author":"Athanasiov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1265024","article-title":"Overview of current thoughts on facial volume and aging","volume":"26","author":"Kahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaa339","article-title":"The facial aging process from the \u201cinside out\u201d","volume":"41","author":"Swift","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181b2f766","article-title":"Analysis of the anatomic changes of the aging facial skeleton using computer-assisted tomography","volume":"25","author":"Richard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181e6d052","article-title":"The volumetric change of orbital fat with age in Asians","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200008000-00040","article-title":"An algorithm of facial aging: verification of Lambros\u2019s theory by three-dimensional stereolithography, with reference to the pathogenesis of midfacial aging, scleral show, and the lateral suborbital trough deformity","volume":"106","author":"Pessa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-199907000-00002","article-title":"Quantification of palpebral fissure shape in severe congenital blepharoptosis","volume":"15","author":"Cruz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3182747537","article-title":"Lateral and medial upper eyelid contour abnormalities in Graves orbitopathy: the influence of the degree of retraction","volume":"29","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2021.1878541","article-title":"Lid flare measurement with lateral midpupil distances","volume":"46","author":"Equiterio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001995","article-title":"Analysis of lid contour in thyroid eye disease with upper and lower eyelid retraction using multiple radial midpupil lid distances","volume":"27","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000545","article-title":"Eyelid contour following conjunctival M\u00fcllerectomy with or without tarsectomy blepharoptosis repair","volume":"32","author":"Choudhary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(28)90622-4","article-title":"The \u201cMongolian eye\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Gifford","year":"1928","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001245","article-title":"Anthropometric analysis on the ocular region morphology of children and young adults in Chinese Han population","volume":"35","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266691452400054X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266691452400054X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T23:57:04Z","timestamp":1726703824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S266691452400054X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S266691452400054X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-9145","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Automatic Measurement and Comparison of Normal Eyelid Contour by Age and Gender Using Image-Based Deep Learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100518","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100518"}}