{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T10:09:50Z","timestamp":1778926190491,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023B1515120028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B1515120028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024T17018 5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024T17018 5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24A20707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8227041127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8227041127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ophthalmologyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T19:51:14Z","timestamp":1746474674000},"page":"100819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Effects of Age at the Onset of Myopia on Multiple Diseases Using Electronic Health Records"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Xiayin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjie","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishith","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Bulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunran","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianwen","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingguang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuoting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0782-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honghua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.01.033","article-title":"Public health burden and potential interventions for myopia","volume":"125","author":"Modjtahedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Mi","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25983","article-title":"Myopia - a 21st century public health issue","volume":"60","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"6","author":"Baird","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.06.019","article-title":"Pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in East Asians","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.012","article-title":"Myopia as a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Marcus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004","article-title":"The epidemics of myopia: aetiology and prevention","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.6","article-title":"IMI prevention of myopia and its progression","volume":"62","author":"Jonas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12195","article-title":"The challenges, advantages and future of phenome-wide association studies","volume":"141","author":"Hebbring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2749","article-title":"Systematic comparison of phenome-wide association study of electronic medical record data and genome-wide association study data","volume":"31","author":"Denny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies","volume":"23","author":"Davey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0127-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error","volume":"50","author":"Tedja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30028-7","article-title":"A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank","volume":"1","author":"Hypponen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100488","article-title":"Mendelian randomization case-control PheWAS in UK Biobank shows evidence of causality for smoking intensity in 28 distinct clinical conditions","volume":"26","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00903-3","article-title":"Identifying potential causal effects of age at menopause: a Mendelian randomization phenome-wide association study","volume":"37","author":"Magnus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLos Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175508","article-title":"Evaluating phecodes, clinical classification software, and ICD-9-CM codes for phenome-wide association studies in the electronic health record","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2135-0","article-title":"A simulation study investigating power estimates in phenome-wide association studies","volume":"19","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bmc Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","article-title":"The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data","volume":"562","author":"Bycroft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.11.001","article-title":"Making the most of clumping and thresholding for polygenic scores","volume":"105","author":"Prive","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.1275","article-title":"Accuracy and utility of self-report of refractive error","volume":"134","author":"Cumberland","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00954-4","article-title":"A generalized linear mixed model association tool for biobank-scale data","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100923","article-title":"Efficacy in myopia control","volume":"83","author":"Brennan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.2658","article-title":"Incidence of and factors associated with myopia and high myopia in Chinese children, based on refraction without cycloplegia","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib27","first-page":"3021","article-title":"Refractive associations with cataract: the blue mountains eye study","volume":"40","author":"Lim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.02.017","article-title":"The association between myopia and various subtypes of lens opacity: SEE (Salisbury Eye Evaluation) project","volume":"112","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.06.005","article-title":"Myopia and age-related cataract: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"156","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.256","article-title":"Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control","volume":"28","author":"Holden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759767","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.759767","article-title":"Refractive error and eye health: an umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.01.004","article-title":"Anterior chamber depth and chamber angle and their associations with ocular and general parameters: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"145","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.54.3.161","article-title":"Aetiology of the anatomical basis for primary angle-closure glaucoma. Biometrical comparisons between normal eyes and eyes with primary angle-closure glaucoma","volume":"54","author":"Lowe","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138825","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138825","article-title":"Glaucomatous-type optic discs in high myopia","volume":"10","author":"Nagaoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLos One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18986","article-title":"Finite element analysis predicts large optic nerve head strains during horizontal eye movements","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib36","first-page":"527","article-title":"Myopia and hypothyroidism","volume":"45","author":"Morrison","year":"1947","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2015-103511","article-title":"Mutations in EXOSC2 are associated with a novel syndrome characterised by retinitis pigmentosa, progressive hearing loss, premature ageing, short stature, mild intellectual disability and distinctive gestalt","volume":"53","author":"Di Donato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12309","article-title":"Homozygous loss-of-function mutation of the LEPREL1 gene causes severe non-syndromic high myopia with early-onset cataract","volume":"86","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3586","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1480","article-title":"Regulation of eye size by the retinal basement membrane and vitreous body","volume":"47","author":"Halfter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib40","first-page":"872","article-title":"The retina\/RPE proteome in chick myopia and hyperopia models: commonalities with inherited and age-related ocular pathologies","volume":"23","author":"Riddell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0137-z","article-title":"Genetic correlations of polygenic disease traits: from theory to practice","volume":"20","author":"van Rheenen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666914525001174?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666914525001174?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:37:55Z","timestamp":1778924275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666914525001174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666914525001174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-9145","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exploring Effects of Age at the Onset of Myopia on Multiple Diseases Using Electronic Health Records","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100819"}}