{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T10:09:53Z","timestamp":1778926193089,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001350","name":"Government of Singapore Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-OFLCG23may-0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-OFLCG23may-0032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/MOH\/CSASI22jul-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/MOH\/CSASI22jul-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/LCG\/004\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/LCG\/004\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ophthalmologyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T16:23:10Z","timestamp":1765642990000},"page":"101036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Prospective Cohort and Mendelian Randomization Analyses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yu Jer","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3843-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hengtong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Can Can","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crystal Chun Yuen","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enwen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2825-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3358-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chui Ming Gemmy","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4042-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charumathi","family":"Sabanayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yih-Chung","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0655-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib2","first-page":"1803","article-title":"A single number for advocacy and communication\u2014worldwide more than 850 million individuals have kidney diseases","author":"Jager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxford Univ Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00863-9","article-title":"The impact of population ageing on the burden of chronic kidney disease","volume":"20","author":"Chesnaye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.03.022","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration: prevalence and risk factors from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008 through 2011","volume":"121","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.01.023","article-title":"Increased burden of vision impairment and eye diseases in persons with chronic kidney disease\u2014a population-based study","volume":"5","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.004","article-title":"Prevalence, racial variations, and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in Singaporean Chinese, Indians, and Malays","volume":"121","author":"Cheung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2008.551","article-title":"Serum cystatin C level, kidney disease markers, and incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the beaver dam eye study","volume":"127","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr022","article-title":"Kidney function, albuminuria and age-related macular degeneration in NHANES III","volume":"26","author":"Weiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.12.030","article-title":"Is kidney function associated with age-related macular degeneration?: findings from the Asian eye epidemiology consortium","volume":"131","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.491","article-title":"Kidney and eye diseases: common risk factors, etiological mechanisms, and pathways","volume":"85","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.04.003","article-title":"Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"54","author":"Lambert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3448","article-title":"A large genome-wide association study of age-related macular degeneration highlights contributions of rare and common variants","volume":"48","author":"Fritsche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24491-0","article-title":"Discovery and prioritization of variants and genes for kidney function in> 1.2 million individuals","volume":"12","author":"Stanzick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.5314","article-title":"The potential importance of detection of neovascular age-related macular degeneration when visual acuity is relatively good","volume":"135","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.818","article-title":"Progression of lesion size in untreated eyes with exudative age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis using lineweaver-burk plots","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000351043","article-title":"Estimating the glomerular filtration rate in the general population using different equations: effects on classification and association","volume":"123","author":"Pattaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.169","article-title":"Improved equations estimating GFR in children with chronic kidney disease using an immunonephelometric determination of cystatin C","volume":"82","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.10.003","article-title":"Colocalization of GWAS and eQTL signals detects target genes","volume":"99","author":"Hormozdiari","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","article-title":"Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16374.2","article-title":"MendelianRandomization v0. 5.0: updates to an R package for performing Mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data","volume":"5","author":"Broadbent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106858119","article-title":"Mendelian randomization for causal inference accounting for pleiotropy and sample structure using genome-wide summary statistics","volume":"119","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0631-4","article-title":"Mendelian randomization accounting for correlated and uncorrelated pleiotropic effects using genome-wide summary statistics","volume":"52","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","author":"Consortium","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580902863064","article-title":"Associations between chronic kidney disease and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Nitsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12227","article-title":"Is age-related macular degeneration a manifestation of systemic disease? New prospects for early intervention and treatment","volume":"276","author":"Cheung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000493924","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1399666","article-title":"Association between chronic kidney disease and age-related macular degeneration: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38833-7","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in the Finnish population: gene frequencies and relation to lipoprotein concentrations","volume":"27","author":"Ehnholm","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.11.4.1100","article-title":"Influences of common variants of apolipoprotein E on measures of lipid metabolism in a sample selected for health","volume":"11","author":"Xhignesse","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.23.2892","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"293","author":"Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.07107.x","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and renal disease","volume":"71","author":"Oda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9531184","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E4 reduces risk of diabetic nephropathy in patients with NIDDM","volume":"31","author":"Kimura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.10.031","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E-related glomerular disorders","volume":"97","author":"Saito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1086\/301901","article-title":"Genetic association of apolipoprotein E with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"63","author":"Klaver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1076\/opge.23.4.209.13883","article-title":"A pooled case-control study of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in age-related maculopathy","volume":"23","author":"Schmidt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)80146-9","article-title":"The \u03b3 e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene as a potential protective factor for exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"125","author":"Souied","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.1.68","article-title":"Apolipoprotein e gene and age-related maculopathy in older individuals: the cardiovascular health study","volume":"125","author":"Tikellis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666914525003343?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666914525003343?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:38:07Z","timestamp":1778924287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666914525003343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666914525003343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-9145","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Chronic Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Prospective Cohort and Mendelian Randomization Analyses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101036","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101036"}}