{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:33:34Z","timestamp":1789605214807,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8257041339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8257041339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ophthalmologyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:26:47Z","timestamp":1780504007000},"page":"101273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Age- and Myopia-Related 3-Dimensional Remodeling of Choroidal Thickness in Children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Luxiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyue","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyao","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2972-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jost B.","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2749-7793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya Xing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2022.07.006","article-title":"Retinal and choroidal changes in AMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography studies","volume":"68","author":"Salehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32835d9245","article-title":"The choroid in glaucoma","volume":"24","author":"Banitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.6.4","article-title":"IMI-the dynamic choroid: new insights, challenges, and potential significance for human myopia","volume":"64","author":"Ostrin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12862","article-title":"Choroidal changes in human myopia: insights from optical coherence tomography imaging","volume":"102","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3493","article-title":"Ocular risk factors for choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia","volume":"51","author":"Ikuno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316866","article-title":"Choroidal thickness predicts progression of myopic maculopathy in high myopes: a 2-year longitudinal study","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x","article-title":"Myopia and associated pathological complications","volume":"25","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e454","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13866","article-title":"Change in subfoveal choroidal thickness secondary to orthokeratology and its cessation: a predictor for the change in axial length","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001168","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in healthy Chinese children aged 6 to 12: the Shanghai Children Eye Study","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182a487a4","article-title":"Choroidal thickness measurement in children using optical coherence tomography","volume":"34","author":"Bidaut-Garnier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22748","article-title":"Distribution pattern of choroidal thickness at the posterior pole in Chinese children with myopia","volume":"59","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib12","first-page":"641","article-title":"Expert consensus on myopia management (white paper 2022)","volume":"24","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Optom Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.6.6","article-title":"Choroidalyzer: an open-source, end-to-end pipeline for choroidal analysis in optical coherence tomography","volume":"65","author":"Engelmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.11.27","article-title":"An open-source deep learning algorithm for efficient and fully automatic analysis of the choroid in optical coherence tomography","volume":"12","author":"Burke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib15","article-title":"Myopia and high myopia trends in Chinese children and adolescents over 25 years: a nationwide study with projections to 2050","volume":"59","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319431","article-title":"Normative data and percentile curves for axial length and axial length\/corneal curvature in Chinese children and adolescents aged 4-18 years","volume":"107","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI - Defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.03.002","article-title":"Peripapillary choroidal thickness in childhood","volume":"135","author":"Read","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3586","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11732","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in childhood","volume":"54","author":"Read","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6841","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12761","article-title":"Choroidal volume variations during childhood","volume":"54","author":"Mapelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib21","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in 3001 Chinese children aged 6 to 19 years using swept-source OCT","volume":"7","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182923477","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in healthy children","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2019.09.15","article-title":"Macular choroidal thickness in Chinese preschool children: decrease with axial length but no evident change with age","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12350","article-title":"Macular choroidal thickness and volume in healthy pediatric individuals measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4383","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in healthy Japanese subjects","volume":"51","author":"Ikuno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318242b990","article-title":"Choroidal thickness and visual acuity in highly myopic eyes","volume":"32","author":"Nishida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002090","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in choroidal and retinal thicknesses in children with myopic shift","volume":"39","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7578","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12772","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in myopic and nonmyopic children assessed with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Read","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.05.008","article-title":"Choroidal and retinal thickness in children with different refractive status measured by sweptsource optical coherence tomography","volume":"168","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib30","article-title":"Longitudinal choroidal thickness changes among Chinese young adults with various refractive errors","volume":"10","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.11.8","article-title":"Choroidal biomarkers: a repeatability and topographical comparison of choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index in healthy eyes","volume":"9","author":"Breher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6452","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13771","article-title":"Macular choroidal thicknesses in healthy adults\u2014relationship with ocular and demographic factors","volume":"55","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.04.018","article-title":"Choroidal thickness profiles in myopic eyes of young adults in the correction of myopia evaluation trial cohort","volume":"160","author":"Harb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.4.24","article-title":"Inter-individual topographic variation of choroidal thickness in healthy eyes on swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2010.00746.x","article-title":"Peripheral refraction and the development of refractive error: a review","volume":"30","author":"Charman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.07.015","article-title":"The relationship between axial length and choroidal thickness in eyes with high myopia","volume":"155","author":"Flores-Moreno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.07.027","article-title":"Age, sex, and ethnic variations in inner and outer retinal and choroidal thickness on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"160","author":"Bafiq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13868","article-title":"Macular choroidal thickness profile in a healthy population measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"55","author":"Ruiz-Medrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8438","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8108","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in relation to sex and axial length in 93 Danish university students","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12937","article-title":"Histologic differences between primary high myopia and secondary high myopia due to congenital glaucoma","volume":"94","author":"Jonas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666914526002113?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666914526002113?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T08:10:47Z","timestamp":1786954247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666914526002113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666914526002113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-9145","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Age- and Myopia-Related 3-Dimensional Remodeling of Choroidal Thickness in Children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101273","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Academy of Ophthalmology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101273"}}