{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:48:48Z","timestamp":1792057728539,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ophthalmologyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:41:21Z","timestamp":1785800481000},"page":"101348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Twelve-Year Incidence, Causes, and Determinants of Visual Impairment and Visual Improvement in a Multiethnic Asian Population: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4826-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Dawei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can Can","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1620-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao Li","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1182-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi Da","family":"Soh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingsheng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn Hui Lin","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi Wei","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao Ling","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5027-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6658-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4042-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charumathi","family":"Sabanayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0655-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6752-797X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yih Chung","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Blindness","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00769-2","article-title":"Changes in visual acuity in a population over a 10-year period : the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"108","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.06.015","article-title":"Changes in visual acuity in a population over a 15-year period: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"142","author":"Klein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701444","article-title":"Incidence of visual loss in the Ponza Eye Study, Italy","volume":"19","author":"Nucci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.032","article-title":"Long-term changes in visual acuity in an older population over a 15-year period: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"120","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000391","article-title":"Challenges in eye care in the Asia-Pacific Region","volume":"10","author":"Yusufu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2025.2580766","article-title":"The global burden of blindness and visual impairment: progress and challenges","volume":"33","author":"Ying","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3109\/09286580903144738","article-title":"Methodology of the Singapore Indian Chinese Cohort (SICC) eye study: quantifying ethnic variations in the epidemiology of eye diseases in Asians","volume":"16","author":"Lavanya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12974","article-title":"Singapore Indian Eye Study-2: methodology and impact of migration on systemic and eye outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Sabanayagam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580600878844","article-title":"Rationale and methodology for a population-based study of eye diseases in Malay people: the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES)","volume":"14","author":"Foong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2012.02763.x","article-title":"Singapore Malay Eye Study: rationale and methodology of 6-year follow-up study (SiMES-2)","volume":"40","author":"Rosman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa238","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study (SEED)","volume":"50","author":"Majithia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.4655","article-title":"Estimates of incidence and prevalence of visual impairment, low vision, and blindness in the United States","volume":"136","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.1284","article-title":"Visual impairment and blindness in adults in the United States: demographic and geographic variations from 2015 to 2050","volume":"134","author":"Varma","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100392","article-title":"Six-Year incidence of visual impairment in a multiethnic Asian population: the Singapore epidemiology of eye diseases Study","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.05.006","article-title":"Patterns and risk factor profiles of visual loss in a multiethnic Asian population: the Singapore epidemiology of eye diseases Study","volume":"206","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib18","first-page":"S1","article-title":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification","volume":"39","author":"National Kidney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090","article-title":"A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data","volume":"159","author":"Zou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-024-01129-1","article-title":"Estimating and displaying population attributable fractions using the R package: graphPAF","volume":"39","author":"Ferguson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.09.035","article-title":"Incidence, incident causes, and risk factors of visual impairment and blindness in a rural population in India: 15-Year Follow-up of the Andhra Pradesh eye disease Study","volume":"223","author":"Khanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"10386","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02609-5","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"401","author":"Guymer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.07.010","article-title":"Disparities in vision health and eye care","volume":"129","author":"Elam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.5.11","article-title":"Rates and determinants of eyecare utilization and eyeglass affordability among individuals with visual impairment in a multi-ethnic population-based study in Singapore","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Translat Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.08.045","article-title":"Vision health disparities in the United States by race\/ethnicity, education, and economic status: findings from two nationally representative surveys","volume":"154","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1744","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00419-3","article-title":"Effective cataract surgical coverage in adults aged 50 years and older: estimates from population-based surveys in 55 countries","volume":"10","author":"McCormick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1754","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00433-8","article-title":"Effective refractive error coverage in adults aged 50 years and older: estimates from population-based surveys in 61 countries","volume":"10","author":"Bourne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib30","series-title":"Elderly to make up almost half of S\u2019pore population by 2050","first-page":"2017","author":"En","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib31","series-title":"Healthy ageing in Singapore: Opportunities, challenges and the way forward","first-page":"1","article-title":"Population ageing in Singapore","author":"Ching Yuen Luk","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.10734","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in hearing and visual impairments and risk of dementia in older adults in the United States","volume":"5","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3560","article-title":"Association between visual impairment and decline in cognitive function in a multiethnic Asian population","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00573-7","article-title":"Visual impairment and unintentional injury mortality: the National Health Interview Survey 1986-1994","volume":"136","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.06.063","article-title":"Central and peripheral visual impairment and the risk of falls and falls with injury","volume":"117","author":"Patino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101354","article-title":"The economics of vision impairment and its leading causes: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.12.011","article-title":"Four-year incidence and progression of visual impairment in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study","volume":"149","author":"Varma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30526-5","article-title":"Changes in visual acuity in a population. The Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"103","author":"Klein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666914526002861?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666914526002861?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:23:50Z","timestamp":1792056230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666914526002861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666914526002861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-9145","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Twelve-Year Incidence, Causes, and Determinants of Visual Impairment and Visual Improvement in a Multiethnic Asian Population: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101348","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Academy of Ophthalmology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101348"}}