{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:25:52Z","timestamp":1789622752734,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpharmsci.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]],"date-time":"2017-01-16T14:45:14Z","timestamp":1484577914000},"page":"2625-2631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Assessing the Impact of Lithium Chloride on the Expression of P-Glycoprotein at the Blood-Brain Barrier"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Newman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Short","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Nicolazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.741","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: genes, proteins, and therapy","volume":"81","author":"Selkoe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1566067","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis","volume":"256","author":"Hardy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1197623","article-title":"Decreased clearance of CNS \u03b2-amyloid in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"330","author":"Mawuenyega","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200642200","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u03b2-amyloid peptide is increased in mice deficient in endothelin-converting enzyme","volume":"278","author":"Eckman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00487-3","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, and senescent changes in CSF circulatory physiology: a hypothesis","volume":"2","author":"Silverberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00133.x","article-title":"Perivascular drainage of amyloid-\u03b2 peptides from the brain and its failure in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Weller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10498","article-title":"Clearance of Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid-\u03b21-40 peptide from brain by LDL receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"106","author":"Shibata","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.07.017","article-title":"LRP\/amyloid \u03b2-peptide interaction mediates differential brain efflux of A\u03b2 isoforms","volume":"43","author":"Deane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25247","article-title":"P-glycoprotein deficiency at the blood-brain barrier increases amyloid-\u03b2 deposition in an Alzheimer disease mouse model","volume":"115","author":"Cirrito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.02.001","article-title":"Neurovascular mechanisms of Alzheimer\u2019s neurodegeneration","volume":"28","author":"Zlokovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.07002.x","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1: a serial clearance homeostatic mechanism controlling Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid \u03b2-peptide elimination from the brain","volume":"115","author":"Zlokovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00474-3","article-title":"Efflux of human and mouse amyloid \u03b2 proteins 1\u201340 and 1\u201342 from brain: impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"121","author":"Banks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.2.695","article-title":"Multidrug-resistance gene (P-glycoprotein) is expressed by endothelial cells at blood-brain barrier sites","volume":"86","author":"Cordon-Cardo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3260539","article-title":"P-glycoprotein is strongly expressed in the luminal membranes of the endothelium of blood vessels in the brain","volume":"326","author":"Beaulieu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(98)00085-4","article-title":"P-glycoprotein, a gatekeeper in the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"36","author":"Schinkel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.11.65","article-title":"Decreased blood\u2013brain barrier expression of P-glycoprotein in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: impact on pathogenesis and brain access of therapeutic agents","volume":"2","author":"Nicolazzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther Deliv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.034","article-title":"ABC efflux transporters in brain vasculature of Alzheimer\u2019s subjects","volume":"1358","author":"Wijesuriya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.10.063","article-title":"An investigation into the role of P-glycoprotein in Alzheimer\u2019s disease lesion pathogenesis","volume":"487","author":"Jeynes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1116-2","article-title":"Altered brain uptake of therapeutics in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Mehta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1299","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.258","article-title":"A\u03b21-42 reduces P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier through RAGE-NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.061754","article-title":"Restoring blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein reduces brain amyloid-beta in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"77","author":"Hartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7091","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2711-13.2014","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces cerebral amyloid-\u03b2 accumulation and improves cognition in mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Durk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(24)05623-2","article-title":"Pregnane X receptor up-regulation of P-glycoprotein expression and transport function at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"66","author":"Bauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12041","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-liganded vitamin D receptor increases expression and transport activity of P-glycoprotein in isolated rat brain capillaries and human and rat brain microvessel endothelial cells","volume":"123","author":"Durk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.029868","article-title":"Lithium and risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease in elderly patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"190","author":"Nunes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.080044","article-title":"Disease-modifying properties of long-term lithium treatment for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: randomised controlled trial","volume":"198","author":"Forlenza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib27","first-page":"104","article-title":"Microdose lithium treatment stabilized cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Nunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05194.x","article-title":"The GSK3 hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"104","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01640","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b1 regulates production of Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid-\u03b2 peptides","volume":"17","author":"Phiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00183-8","article-title":"Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation: effects in living cells and in neurons at therapeutic concentrations","volume":"45","author":"Lovestone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6990","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500466102","article-title":"Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by lithium correlates with reduced tauopathy and degeneration in\u00a0vivo","volume":"102","author":"Noble","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05537.x","article-title":"Activation of \u03b2-catenin signalling by GSK-3 inhibition increases p-glycoprotein expression in brain endothelial cells","volume":"106","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1977.tb00694.x","article-title":"Age as a factor affecting lithium therapy","volume":"4","author":"Hewick","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11755","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1583-16.2016","article-title":"Fatty acid-binding protein 5 at the blood-brain barrier regulates endogenous brain docosahexaenoic acid levels and cognitive function","volume":"36","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3458fje","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier-specific properties of a human adult brain endothelial cell line","volume":"19","author":"Weksler","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07288.x","article-title":"Regulation of P-glycoprotein by orphan nuclear receptors in human brain microvessel endothelial cells","volume":"118","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.9.4350","article-title":"Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications","volume":"76","author":"Towbin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394cT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88154","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088154","article-title":"Drug-induced trafficking of P-glycoprotein in human brain capillary endothelial cells as demonstrated by exposure to mitomycin C","volume":"9","author":"Noack","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.11.051","article-title":"Exposure to antiepileptic drugs does not alter the functionality of P-glycoprotein in brain capillary endothelial and kidney cell lines","volume":"628","author":"Ambroziak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-009-9431-1","article-title":"Regulation of BCRP (ABCG2) and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) by cytokines in a model of the human blood-brain barrier","volume":"30","author":"Poller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33253","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033253","article-title":"Characterization of rhodamine-123 as a tracer dye for use in in\u00a0vitro drug transport assays","volume":"7","author":"Forster","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0350-15.2016","article-title":"A\u03b240 reduces P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway","volume":"36","author":"Hartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.08.044","article-title":"Beta amyloid effects on expression of multidrug efflux transporters in brain endothelial cells","volume":"1418","author":"Kania","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690121","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/690121","article-title":"Beta-amyloid downregulates MDR1-P-glycoprotein (Abcb1) expression at the blood-brain barrier in mice","volume":"2011","author":"Brenn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib46","first-page":"123","article-title":"Lithium intoxication","volume":"47","author":"Hansen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Q\u00a0J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070233","article-title":"Wnt activation of immortalized brain endothelial cells as a tool for generating a standardized model of the blood brain barrier in\u00a0vitro","volume":"8","author":"Paolinelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022354917300163?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022354917300163?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T14:29:56Z","timestamp":1749911396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022354917300163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022354917300163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3549","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessing the Impact of Lithium Chloride on the Expression of P-Glycoprotein at the Blood-Brain Barrier","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.01.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Pharmacists Association. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}