{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T03:49:00Z","timestamp":1788580140261,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE 1160\/37-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE 1160\/37-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHM 997\/47-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHM 997\/47-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TH 1817\/8-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TH 1817\/8-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpharmsci.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T10:58:48Z","timestamp":1750849128000},"page":"103889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Penetration depth and effective sample size characterization of UV\/Vis radiation into pharmaceutical tablets"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0345-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Brands","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9431-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith M.","family":"Seyffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naim","family":"Bajcinca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urs A.","family":"Peuker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Thommes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0001","article-title":"Digitalization in pharmaceutical industry: what to focus on under the digital implementation process?","volume":"3","author":"Hole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pharm: X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8091088","article-title":"Digital Twins in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical manufacturing: a literature review","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120554","article-title":"Industry 4.0 for pharmaceutical manufacturing: preparing for the smart factories of the future","volume":"602","author":"Arden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0004","year":"2004","journal-title":"Guidance for Industry PAT - A Framework for Innovative Pharmaceutical Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119353","article-title":"Review of real-time release testing of pharmaceutical tablets: state-of-the art, challenges and future perspective","volume":"582","author":"Markl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0006","series-title":"Q8 (R2) Pharmaceutical Development","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0007","series-title":"Q10 Pharmaceutical Quality System","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.08.077","article-title":"Abrahms\u00e9n-Alami, S. Continuous manufacturing of extended release tablets via powder mixing and direct compression","volume":"495","author":"Ervasti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0009","series-title":"Process Analytical Technology: Spectroscopic Tools and Implemented Strategies For the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries","author":"Bakeev","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.06.008","article-title":"Trends-process analytical technology in solid oral dosage manufacturing","volume":"153","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.12.012","article-title":"Near infrared and raman spectroscopy for the in-process monitoring of pharmaceutical production processes","volume":"417","author":"Beer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.09.016","article-title":"Process analytical technology for continuous manufacturing tableting processing: a case study","volume":"162","author":"Pauli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2012.12.032","article-title":"In-line monitoring of the drug content of powder mixtures and tablets by near-infrared spectroscopy during the continuous direct compression tableting process","volume":"48","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20931","article-title":"Process analytical technology: chemometric analysis of Raman and near infra-red spectroscopic data for predicting physical properties of extended release matrix tablets","volume":"96","author":"Shah","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0015","first-page":"547","article-title":"Assessment and prediction of tablet properties using transmission and backscattering raman spectroscopy and transmission NIR spectroscopy","volume":"11","author":"Peeters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1081\/PDT-120024689","article-title":"Prediction of tablet hardness and porosity using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy as a nondestructive method","volume":"8","author":"Donoso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharm Dev Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0017","article-title":"The application of near-Infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy in scope of achieving continuous real-time quality monitoring and control of tablets with challenging dimensions","volume":"641","author":"Man","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1366\/00037020260377797","article-title":"Determination of the information depth and sample size for the analysis of pharmaceutical materials using reflectance near-infrared microscopy","volume":"56","author":"Clarke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Spectrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/0967033519891594","article-title":"A partial least squares-based approach to assess the light penetration depth in wheat flour by near infrared hyperspectral imaging","volume":"28","author":"Laborde","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Near Infrared Spectrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040441","article-title":"Penetration depth measurement of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging light for milk powder","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.340","article-title":"Solid dosage form analysis by near infrared spectroscopy: comparison of reflectance and transmittance measurements including the determination of effective sample mass","volume":"10","author":"Iyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Near Infrared Spectrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21777","article-title":"Assessment of diffuse transmission mode in near-infrared quantification\u2013part I: the press effect on low-dose pharmaceutical tablets","volume":"98","author":"Saeed","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22344","article-title":"Assessment of diffuse transmission and reflection modes in near-infrared quantification, part 2: dIFFuse reflection information depth","volume":"100","author":"Saeed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlindwein, W.; Bezerra, M.; Almeida, J.; Berghaus, A.; Owen, M.; Muirhead, G. In-line UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy as a fast-working process analytical technology (PAT) during early phase product development using hot melt extrusion (HME) 2018, 10, doi:10.3390\/pharmaceutics10040166.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10040166"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115721","article-title":"UV\/vis spectroscopy as an in-line monitoring tool for tablet content uniformity","volume":"236","author":"Brands","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17030311","article-title":"A step towards real-time release testing of pharmaceutical tablets: utilization of CIELAB color space","volume":"17","author":"Brands","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.38.000448","article-title":"New contributions to the optics of intensely light-scattering materials","volume":"38","author":"KUBELKA","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0028","first-page":"87","article-title":"Nouvelle formulation du mod\u00e8le de Kubelka et Munk avec application aux encres fluorescentes","author":"Emmel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ec Printemps 2000 - Pays Apt Coul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0029","series-title":"Europ\u00e4isches Arzneibuch 10. Ausgabe","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702894202201","article-title":"Standard normal variate transformation and de-trending of near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra","volume":"43","author":"Barnes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl Spectrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40828-019-0097-0","article-title":"The extended Kubelka\u2013Munk theory and its application to spectroscopy","volume":"6","author":"La Alcaraz de Osa","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemTexts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0032","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"424","article-title":"3D U-net: learning dense volumetric segmentation from sparse annotation","author":"\u00c7i\u00e7ek","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buades, A.; Coll, B.; Morel, J.-M. A Non-Local algorithm for image denoising, 60\u201365, doi:10.1109\/CVPR.2005.38.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.38"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.-Y.; Goyal, P.; Girshick, R.; He, K.; Dollar, P. Focal loss for dense object detection, 2999\u20133007, doi:10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2023.108520","article-title":"Multidimensional characterization of particle morphology and mineralogical composition using CT data and R-vine copulas","volume":"206","author":"Furat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Miner Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0036","series-title":"Principles of optics: Electromagnetic theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.6.001209","article-title":"The backscattering and extinction of visible and infrared radiation by selected major cloud models","volume":"6","author":"Carrier","year":"1967","journal-title":"Appl Opt AO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32984","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.032984","article-title":"Coherent and incoherent backscattering by a single large particle of irregular shape","volume":"27","author":"Shishko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt Express OE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2005.00688.x","article-title":"Light penetration in soil and particulate minerals","volume":"56","author":"Ciani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Soil Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.000949","article-title":"Predictions and measurements of scattering and absorption over broad wavelength ranges in tissue phantoms","volume":"36","author":"Mourant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl Opt AO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0041","series-title":"Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles","author":"Bohren","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2010.537004","article-title":"The Kubelka-Munk Diffuse reflectance formula revisited","volume":"46","author":"Myrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Spectrosc Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/1932409","article-title":"Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species","volume":"26","author":"Dice","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64803-w","article-title":"Evaluating white matter lesion segmentations with refined S\u00f8rensen-dice analysis","volume":"10","author":"Carass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022354925003417?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022354925003417?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:54:32Z","timestamp":1768485272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022354925003417"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022354925003417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3549","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Penetration depth and effective sample size characterization of UV\/Vis radiation into pharmaceutical tablets","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103889","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Pharmacists Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103889"}}