{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:13:01Z","timestamp":1792033981263,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006814","name":"FMC Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006814","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014851","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n DISA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1808292301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1808292301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpharmsci.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T11:08:41Z","timestamp":1751972921000},"page":"103892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Semi-solid extrusion 3D printing of pediatric acetazolamide formulation: Impact of the spatial arrangement of extruded material on quality attributes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9900-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2884-5937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Marsella-Aldegheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6613-0364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mabel","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4661-4257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Santove\u00f1a-Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 B","family":"Fari\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061642","article-title":"Characterization and Validation of a New 3D Printing Ink for Reducing Therapeutic Gap in Pediatrics through Individualized Medicines","author":"D\u00edaz-Torres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123131","article-title":"Development of 3D printed mini-waffle shapes containing hydrocortisone for children's personalized medicine","author":"Parulski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030408","article-title":"Revolutionizing Three-Dimensional Printing: enhancing Quality Assurance and Point-of-Care Integration through Instrumentation","author":"Su\u00e1rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.05.003","article-title":"Translating 3D printed pharmaceuticals: from hype to real-world clinical applications","volume":"174","author":"Seoane-Viano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122480","article-title":"3D printing: innovative solutions for patients and pharmaceutical industry","author":"Tracy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122140","article-title":"Development of combi-pills using the coupling of semi-solid syringe extrusion 3D printing with fused deposition modelling","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0007","article-title":"A micro-extrusion 3D printing platform for fabrication of orodispersible printlets for pediatric use","volume":"605","author":"D\u00edaz-Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0008","series-title":"Model Lists of Essential Medicines For Children - 9th List","year":"2023"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16101338","article-title":"The Design of Novel 3D-Printed, Moulded, and Oral Viscous Budesonide Formulations for Paediatrics: a Comparative Evaluation of Their Mucoadhesive Properties","volume":"16","author":"Magari\u00f1os-Trivi\u00f1o","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.120147","article-title":"3D printed bilayer tablet with dual controlled drug release for tuberculosis treatment","author":"Ghanizadeh Tabriz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118497","article-title":"Automated therapy preparation of isoleucine formulations using 3D printing for the treatment of MSUD: first single-centre, prospective, crossover study in patients","author":"Goyanes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0012","article-title":"Individualized orodispersible pediatric dosage forms obtained by molding and semi-solid extrusion by 3D printing: a comparative study for hydrochlorothiazide","volume":"66","author":"Suarez-Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121991","article-title":"Quality control evaluation of paediatric chocolate-based dosage forms: 3D printing vs mold-casting method","author":"Chachlioutaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124964","article-title":"Optimising 3D printed medications for rare diseases: in-line mass uniformity testing in direct powder extrusion 3D printing","author":"Mora-Casta\u00f1o","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0015","article-title":"An investigation into the effects of ink formulations of semi-solid extrusion 3D printing on the performance of printed solid dosage forms","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B Mater. biol. med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0016","article-title":"A case study on decentralized manufacturing of 3D printed medicines","author":"Seoane-Via\u00f1o","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm: X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125251","article-title":"Advancing medication compounding: use of a pharmaceutical 3D printer to auto-fill minoxidil capsules for dispensing to patients in a community pharmacy","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Maci\u00f1eiras","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0018","series-title":"Consultation On Point of Care manufacturing","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0019","article-title":"Releasing fast and slow: non-destructive prediction of density and drug release from SLS 3D printed tablets using NIR spectroscopy","author":"Trenfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm: X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0020","article-title":"On the progress of hydrogel-based 3D printing: correlating rheological properties with printing behaviour","author":"Bom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0021","article-title":"Assessing bioink shape fidelity to aid material development in 3D bioprinting","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"BF"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34771","article-title":"Potential of Laponite\u00ae incorporated oxidized alginate\u2013gelatin (ADA-GEL) composite hydrogels for extrusion-based 3D printing","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0023","series-title":"5.25. Process Analytical Technology","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0024","series-title":"Pharmaceutical Development Q8 (R2)","article-title":"International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.11.044","article-title":"Development of mechanistic models to identify critical formulation and process variables of pastes for 3D printing of modified release tablets","author":"Zidan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13203454","article-title":"Characterization of Hydrophilic Polymers as a Syringe Extrusion 3D Printing Material for Orodispersible Film","author":"Panraksa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.11.025","article-title":"Extrudability analysis of drug loaded pastes for 3D printing of modified release tablets","volume":"554","author":"Zidan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.04.069","article-title":"Effect of geometry on drug release from 3D printed tablets","author":"Goyanes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120336","article-title":"3D printed spherical mini-tablets: geometry versus composition effects in controlling dissolution from personalised solid dosage forms","author":"Ayyoubi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-1075-3","article-title":"Influence of Geometry on the Drug Release Profiles of Stereolithographic (SLA) 3D-Printed Tablets","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0031","series-title":"Comit\u00e9 De Medicamentos de La Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola De Pediatr\u00eda","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0032","series-title":"EDEMOX 250 Mg Tablets Technical Data Sheet","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0033","article-title":"Formulation design of oral pediatric Acetazolamide suspension: dose uniformity and physico-chemical stability study","volume":"24","author":"Santove\u00f1a","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm Dev Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0034","unstructured":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. DKD-R 6-1. Calibration of Pressure Gauges, https:\/\/www.ptb.de\/cms\/fileadmin\/internet\/dienstleistungen\/dkd\/archiv\/Publications\/Guidelines\/DKD-R_6-1_2016_englisch.pdf (2014, accessed 10\/12 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119945","article-title":"Structure-function correlation and personalized 3D printed tablets using a quality by design (QbD) approach","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0036","series-title":"2.9.8. Tablet Breaking Force","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0037","series-title":"5.17.1. Recommendations On Dissolution Testing","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0038","series-title":"2.9.1. Disintegration of Tablets and Capsules","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0039","unstructured":"United Stated Pharmacopeia 47 National Formulary 42 (USP 2024). Acetazolamide Tablets. In: Baltimore United States of America; 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0040","series-title":"Validation Of Analytical Procedures: Text And Methodology Q2(R1)","article-title":"International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0041","series-title":"Applied Regression Analysis and Generalized Linear Models","author":"Fox","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0042","series-title":"An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models","author":"Dobson","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0043","series-title":"R: A language and Environment For Statistical Computing","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50261a009","article-title":"Dependence of Reaction Velocity upon surface and Agitation","author":"Hixson","year":"1931","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.03.051","article-title":"Higuchi equation: derivation, applications, use and misuse","author":"Siepmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600521210","article-title":"Mechanism of sustained-action medication. Theoretical analysis of rate of release of solid drugs dispersed in solid matrices","author":"Higuchi","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0047","series-title":"2.9.40. Uniformity Of Dosage Units","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0048","series-title":"2.9.5. Uniformity of Mass of Single-Dose Preparations","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0049","series-title":"Revision On Monograph on Tablets","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2021.e00129","article-title":"Insights on shear rheology of inks for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting","author":"Amorim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioprinting"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0051","article-title":"Yield stress determines bioprintability of hydrogels based on gelatin-methacryloyl and gellan gum for cartilage bioprinting","author":"Mouser","year":"2016","journal-title":"BF"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2008.07.014","article-title":"Vibrational study of acetazolamide polymorphism","volume":"918","author":"Baraldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mol Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.09.012","article-title":"3D-Printing with precise layer-wise dose adjustments for paediatric use via pressure-assisted microsyringe printing","author":"El Aita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-016-1933-1","article-title":"Emergence of 3D Printed Dosage Forms: opportunities and Challenges","author":"Alhnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0055","series-title":"Generalized Linear Models With Examples in R","author":"Dunn","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0056","first-page":"35","article-title":"Correlation Between Process Parameters and Mechanical Properties in Parts Printed by the Fused Deposition Modeling Process","volume":"8","author":"Attoye","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0057","article-title":"Effect of infill on resulting mechanical properties of additive manufactured bioresorbable polymers for medical devices","author":"Culbreath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.05.020","article-title":"Challenges of fused deposition modeling 3D printing in pharmaceutical applications: where are we now?","author":"Parulski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12010077","article-title":"Fabrication of Intragastric Floating, Controlled Release 3D Printed Theophylline Tablets Using Hot-Melt Extrusion and Fused Deposition Modeling","author":"Giri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-1017-0","article-title":"3D-Printed Network Structures as Controlled-Release Drug Delivery Systems: dose Adjustment, API Release Analysis and Prediction","author":"Korte","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.08.058","article-title":"Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based controlled release dosage by melt extrusion and 3D printing: structure and drug release correlation","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15082097","article-title":"Customizable 3D Printed Implants Containing Triamcinolone Acetonide: development, Analysis, Modification, and Modeling of Drug Release","author":"Ponsar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0063","series-title":"Module 5: Acceptability","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/children8030194","article-title":"High Acceptability of an Orally Dispersible Tablet Formulation by Children","volume":"8","author":"Wagner-Hattler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child-Basel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.07.054","article-title":"Age-appropriate and acceptable paediatric dosage forms: insights into end-user perceptions, preferences and practices from the Children\u2019s Acceptability of Oral Formulations (CALF) Study","author":"Ranmal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12080766","article-title":"Medicines Acceptability in Hospitalized Children: an Ongoing Need for Age-Appropriate Formulations","volume":"12","author":"Vallet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022354925003442?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022354925003442?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:57:27Z","timestamp":1758805047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022354925003442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022354925003442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3549","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Semi-solid extrusion 3D printing of pediatric acetazolamide formulation: Impact of the spatial arrangement of extruded material on quality attributes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103892","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 American Pharmacists Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103892"}}